appendix

Question 1

what are damage codes for green, red and grey attack applicable to?

Answer 1

IBM and lodgepole pine beetle in in Pl, Py and Pw
IBW in Py
IBB in Bl

Question 2

Green Attack Code 1

Answer 2

represents trees infested 10-12 months or less
crown is green
pitch tubes evident on lower bole
inner bark has gallery patterns and immature indications of beetles

Question 3

Red attack code 2

Answer 3

represents trees that have been attacked in the previous 2 seasons

Question 4

Grey attack code 3

Answer 4

represents trees that are dead and have grey needles(except Bl, can have grey or red needles)
Bole of older kills has much checking, loose bark
pitch tubes and galleries easily id’d

Question 5

Pl beetle attack green code 1 (risk group 2)

Answer 5

green needles, other colors may be present

must have greater than or equal to 5% green needles

Question 6

Pl beetle Red attack code 2 (risk group 2)

Answer 6

red, fading, some grey needles
less than 5% green
greater than or equal to 5% red

Question 7

Pl beetle Grey attack code 3(risk group 2)

Answer 7

Grey or no needles

less than 5% red needles

Question 8

Blister Rust code 4

Answer 8

all other beetle attacks take precedence of blister rust attack code 4

Question 9

Green strip attack code 5(risk group 2:Fd, Sx)

Answer 9

infested in strip on lower bole
broods failed or succeeded their development
tree not killed

Question 10

why isn’t the spruce species included in red attack

Answer 10

spruce foliage turns yellow for a brief period in the winter following attack before needles fall off
infested trees with faded crown should be included in green attack

Question 11

Green fully attacked code 6 (Risk group 2:Fd, Sx)

Answer 11

still have green foliage but bark beetles have totally girdled tree
In Fd, beetle has one year life cycle. attack is usually in may/june, crowns stay green for month to year after attack. do not apply code 3

Question 12

Grey attack(Highest risk group and has to be dead, Fd and Sx)

Answer 12

trees are dead and have grey needles
boles have lots of checking, loose bark
little or no foliage left

Question 13

red attack code 8(risk group 2, Fd)

Answer 13

Reserved for Fd

red foliage remains on tree for up to 2 years

Question 14

fire, heavy damage, code C

Answer 14

damage of any age
extensive shallow charring or deep charring in merchantable portion of stem
multiple deep checks in trees <30cm dbh qualify for heavy damage

Question 14

merchantable section

Answer 14

section of stem between 30cm stump and 10cm top diameter

Question 14

charring

Answer 14

actual destruction of wood by fire

must be identifiable damage to surface area greater than 100cm2

Question 15

shallow charring

Answer 15

greater than 100cm2 in surface area

less than one-third radius of the tree

Question 16

extensive shallow charring

Answer 16

charring of bottom third of treet that has 3 or more areas (greater than 100cm2) of exposed or charred wood fibre or cummulative area exposed is at least 300cm2

Question 17

deep charring

Answer 17

charring is deeper than one third the radius of the tree

Question 18

multiple deep checks

Answer 18

more than one check is deeper than 1/3 the radius of the tree

Question 19

clean break

Answer 19

break in merchantable part of stem which can be bucked in a length equivalent to diameter of stem at break

Question 20

shattered break

Answer 20

break more sever than clean break

Question 21

break below stump height

Answer 21

break not in merchantable portion of stem is coded as uprooted tree

Question 21

2 or more clean break or one shattered break in merchantable portion of tree

Answer 21

G

Question 21

assigning down tree codes:

Answer 21

``` do not record uprooted tree class 4 and 6 trees allowable tree classes are 1,2,3,5,7,8,9 ``` if tree partially uprooted and self supported dont assign down tree code

Question 22

all living trees measured on each sample plot classed as:

Answer 22

residual or suspect

Question 23

suspect trees bear one or more of:

Answer 23

``` conks blind conks frost crack scar fork/pronounced crook trunk infections/mistletoe rotten branches dead/broken top ```

Question 24

residual trees

Answer 24

living trees that bear none of the external indicators of decay (in stand) eg) frost cracks highly significant as indicators of decay on particular species in stand as a whole, but not as significant on individual trees

Question 24

Recording path

Answer 24

``` must be recorded on: all live trees dead potential Pw, Hw, Bl Dead potential Pl with conk and blind conk Dont record path above 10cm diameter ```

Question 24

conks

Answer 24

fruiting bodies of decay fungi definite and reliable indicators of decay occur on main stem, branches, exposed roots, around knots and underside branches/stems MAIN: E.TINCT, P.PINI,P.SCHWEINITZII,F.PINICOLA

Question 25

Heart rot conks

Answer 25

hard, thick, woody like perennial structures form singly at branch stubs small clusters on underside of living branches exception: p.schweinitzii annual that persists for 2 years

Question 25

conks of phellinus schweinitzii

Answer 25

cause of brown cubical root/butt rot Fd and Sx most susceptible attacks most conifers Found: on base of tree, up to 2m away from tree on ground, exposed roots

Question 25

Blind conks

Answer 25

pronounced swellings/depressions around knots caused mainly by p.pini on conifers and p.tremulae on aspen definite indicators of decay swelling/depression result of tree attempting to heal over abortive conk, newly developing conk, point from which old conk has dropped

Question 26

Accessible/Inaccessible indicators for blind conks

Answer 26

Accessible: must be verified by cutting with axe to reveal bright yellow/buff color of conk Inaccessible: call only those indicators which have high chance of being blind conk such as large swollen caved in knots. Have to be similar to ones in stand dont call small knots on any species! large holes left by dead branches may not be blind conk indicators

Question 27

scars

Answer 27

injury caused by external forces which has damaged cambial layers of tree and exposes either sapwood or heartwood or both to potential attack by wood rotting fungi wood fungi carried by air currents open and closed scars are called

Question 28

open/closed scars

Answer 28

open: appear as exposed wood, scards slow to heal closed: early scar that has healed

Question 29

9 causes of scars:

Answer 29

``` fire lightning damage by falling tree machinery damage blazes breakage of branches/secondary leaders or suckers falling rocks animal/bird damage cankers caused by fungi(only cankers with exposed weathered wood) ```

Question 30

calling of scars as path indicators: age

Answer 30

past 5 yrs should show greyed/weathered wood callous growth

Question 31

abnormalities simliar to scar, not called as scar:

Answer 31

black knots: develop around unhealed knots/wounds burls and galls:abnormal cell growth, scards on burrs/galls called Dryside: death of cambium/narrow, wide strip Sapsucker holes: superficial INsect borings: generally recent

Question 32

forks are called when:

Answer 32

result of damage to leader where one or more laterals take over called between root collar and min. top diameter called for: 2 o rmore forks resulted in serious damage diamter of main stem changes at least 10%

Question 33

Crooks called if:

Answer 33

at least 10% diameter change in bole above and below crook offset at least 50% of diameter of tree at crook some not called, could be growth characteristic or malformation

Question 34

forks/crooks not called if:

Answer 34

crooks with <5 years old flattening by wind candelabra in conifers

Question 35

frost cracks

Answer 35

deep radial splitting of trunk caused by uneven expansion of wood after sudden drops in temp cracks start at trunk and go up wind stresses/temp changes open cracks further repeated healing produces callouses and pronounced ribbed appearance have to be at least 5 years old to be recorded

Question 36

trunk infections of mistletoe

Answer 36

only include infections on branch that have clearly extended to trunk

Question 37

define dead or broken top

Answer 37

tree top died due to variety of physiological causes such as insect attack,drought,sun scald,physicological death

Question 38

calling of dead tops

Answer 38

weathered(obviously), died at least 5 years ago and below 10 cm top

Question 39

causes of broken top:

Answer 39

wind breakage, snow damage, damage from falling trees must be obv. weathered standing trees broken in bottome 1/3=wind damage code record dead or broken for candelabra

Question 40

abnormalities which are not recorded:

Answer 40

``` external evidence of butt rot not associated with suspect abnormalities: one or more has to be evident flutes: cw may be hiding open scar Candelabra branch fans black knots burls and galls sweep exposed root spiral grain dry side sapsucker holes insect borings ```

Question 41

CV

Answer 41

coefficient of variation

Question 42

PRF

Answer 42

plot radius factor

Question 43

SE

Answer 43

standard error

Question 44

why are trees assigned damage codes

Answer 44

no predictions to apply volume and value adjustments each tree assessed as it appears at time of cruise

Question 45

most common bark beetles

Answer 45

``` IBM: Pl, Py, Pw IBD: Fd(Lw) Spruce beetle: Sx IBW: Py IBB: Bl ```