Appendix: Pathogen Parade

Question 1

Does adenovirus have an envelope?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What shape is adenovirus?

Answer 2

icosahedral

Question 3

How do adenoviruses replicate?

Answer 3

1. attachment
2. endocytosis
3. uncoating
4. viral DNA is transcribed within the nucleus
5. Particles assembled in the nucleus and released from the damaged cell

Question 4

Transmission of adenovirus

Answer 4

resp. droplets, faces, sometimes eye to eye via contaminated hands, towels, or eye drops

Question 4

What diseases does adenovirus cause?

Answer 4

pharyngoconjunctival fever, epidemics of acute resp. disease, intestinal illness, hepatitis, haemorrhagiccystitis

Question 5

Pathogenesis of adenovirus

Answer 5

They infect the epithelium of the resp. tract and eyes, and intestine. Spread to involve lymphoid tissues

Question 6

Where can adenovirus spread?

Answer 6

Adenoids and tonsils

Question 7

What immune defense does adenovirus block the action of?

Answer 7

Interferon and Tc cells

Question 8

Laboratory identification of adenovirus

Answer 8

Virus isolation by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy and antibody detection in serum

Question 9

Treatment and prevention of adenovirus

Answer 9

Ribavirin and cidofovir and live oral vaccine for the military

Question 10

What are the 3 main staplococus?

Answer 10

Staph aureus, Staph epidermidis, Staph saprophyticus

Question 11

What is gram-positive coccus and cells are in clusters?

Answer 11

Staph aureus

Question 12

What is the laboratory identification of staph aureus?

Answer 12

white or golden colonies on blood agar

Question 13

What diseases are associated with staph aureus?

Answer 13

Boils, skin sepsis, post-op wound infections, scalded skin, catheter-associated infection, food-borne infection, endocarditis, TSS, osteomyelitis, pneumonia

Question 14

Transmission of staph aureus?

Answer 14

Human skin, especially nose and perineum. Spread is by contact and airborne routes

Question 15

Epidemiological analysis of staph aureus?

Answer 15

Whole genome sequencing

Question 16

What virus is present in all strains of mucopeptide and coagulase?

Answer 16

Staph Aureus

Question 17

What is present in some strains of staph aureus?

Answer 17

Protein A, fibronectin-binding protein, collagen binding-proteins, enterotoxins, epidermolytic toxin, TSS toxin, membrane damaging toxins

Question 18

Treatment and prevention of staph aureus?

Answer 18

antibiotics; beta-lactamase-stable penicillins. Antibiotic resistance is a large problem. Isolation and treatment of carries. no vaccine

Question 19

Characteristics of candida albicans

Answer 19

Dimorphic fungus that occurs as a yeast on mucosal surfaces. Infects in stressed, suppressed, and antibiotic treated individuals

Question 20

Lab identification for candida albicans

Answer 20

Fungal stages in tissues and culture of DA.

Question 21

Diseases of Candida albicans

Answer 21

Candidiasis and thrush

Question 22

Transmission of Candida albicans

Answer 22

Part of normal flora of skin, mouth, and intestine

Question 23

Transmission of candida albicans

Answer 23

Localized in mucocutaneous lesions and invasion of all major organs in the disseminated condition

Question 24

Treatment and prevention of candida albicans

Answer 24

Topical and oral anti-fungals.

Question 25

Characteristics of Giardia intestinalias

Answer 25

Intestinal flagellate that lives on the mucosa of the small bowel

Question 26

Lab identification of Giardia intestinalias

Answer 26

Detected in fixed stained smears. Cysts in feces seen in faecal concentrates

Question 27

What disease does Giardia cause?

Answer 27

Giardiasis

Question 28

Transmission of Giardia

Answer 28

Fecal-oral. Swallowing cysts, usually in contaminated water

Question 29

Pathogenesis of Giardia

Answer 29

Large number of trophozoites can cause severe diarrhea and impaired absorption

Question 30

Treatment and prevention of Giardia?

Answer 30

Metronidazole, Tinidazole. Improved sanitation and water treatment

Question 31

Characteristics of Genus Taenia

Answer 31

Two species that infect humans. Large adult tapeworms in the intestine. Scolices with suckers. Small cysts in muscles, CNS, and eyes. Proglottids passed in Feces

Question 32

Lab identification of Genus Taenia

Answer 32

proglottids in feces and eggs in feces

Question 33

Diseases caused by Genus Taenia

Answer 33

Beep and Pork Tapeworms (taeniasis). Cysticercosis (larval stages in tissue)

Question 34

Transmission of Genus Taenia

Answer 34

Adult worms are acquired by eating raw or undercooked meat. Cysticercosis via ingestion of T.solium eggs in food contaminated with fecal matter

Question 35

Pathogenesis of Genus Taenia

Answer 35

Adults with worms are asymptomatic but in cysticercosis, cysts in brain can result in convulsions or neurological symptoms

Question 36

Treatment and Prevention of Genus Taenia

Answer 36

Niclosamide, praziquantel for intestinal worms. Albendazole plus praziquantel under steroid cover for cerebral cysticercosis. Adequate cooking of meat and hygiene