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BIO 2440 > Applications of immunology > Flashcards

Applications of immunology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Vaccines vs. Variolation

A
  • Vaccines:
    suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
    most desirable way of disease control
    Variolations:
    inoculation of smallpox into the skin
    early vaccinatons (1796)
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2
Q

Principles of vaccinations

A
  • provokes immune response
  • produce a rapid, intense secondary response
  • herd immunity
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3
Q

Types of vaccines

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated killed
  • Subunit
  • Toxiod
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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A
  • 1 or 2 dose for LIFELONG immunity
  • contains live weakened microorganisms w/ reduced virulence
  • cell cultured, embryonated egg, live animal
  • mimics actual infection
  • no boosters needed
  • replicated in the body
    -RISK
    - might mutate to be pathogenic
    - weakened/ immunocompromised people can get infection
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5
Q

Inactivated killed vaccine

A
  • whole microbe thats been killed
  • grown in a lab
  • pathogen cant replicate
  • requires repeated dosage or boosters
  • humoral antibody immunity
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6
Q

Subunit vaccine

A
  • consist of antigenic fragments
  • genetically modified
  • recombination vaccine
    • Hepatitis b vaccine is made from modified yeast
    • reduces the need for viral host cells to grow viruses for vaccines
  • Virus-like particle vaccines
    - resembles intact viruses but without the genetic information
  • Conjugates vaccines
    - used in to treat disease in young children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides
  • Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccine
    -injected naked DNA produce protein antigens
    - Protein antigens are carried to the red bone marrow to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity
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7
Q

Toxoids

A
  • inactivated toxins
  • targets harmful substances made by bacteria
    - ex. tetanus toxiod, diptheria toxoid
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8
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • Chemicals used to improve vaccines usefulness
  • improve innate immunity
  • Only Alum and Lipid A are approved in the US
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9
Q

Sensitivity vs specificity

A

Sensitivity: is a test that reactive if the specimen is a true positive
Specificity: is a test that will not reactive if the specimen is a true negative

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10
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Hybridoma (mabs)
    • infused antibody-producing B cells w/ a cancer cell
      - allows the growth of identical antibody molecules (B cells)
      - Immortal
      - highly specific
      - Used in human therapy and diagonistic tools
      • made often from mouse cells
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11
Q

Types of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Murine monoclonal
    - made form mouse (-omab)
  • Chimeric
    - mouse and human (-ximab
  • Humanized
    - mostly human but with some mouse antigens- binding sites (-zumab)
  • Fully human
    - made from human genes in a mouse (-umab)
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12
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Clumping of cells
  • measures concentration of serum antibody (titer)
    Indirect passive agglutination
    - antibodies react with soluble antigen adhering to particles or vice versa
    Direct agglutination
    - detects antibodies against large cellular antigens
    - more antibodies @ start = more dilutions needed
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13
Q

Neutralization reaction

A
  • Antigen- antibody reaction with harmful effects of an exotoxin or virus
  • Viral hemagglutination inhibition test is used to subtype viruses
  • antitoxins combined with exotoxins cause neutralization
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14
Q

Completment - fixation reactions

A
  • used to detect very small amounts of antibodies
  • ## a group of serum protein
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15
Q

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIZA)

A

Direct
-1 antibody is used
- detects antigens
- adding substrate for linked enzymes and a color is produced
- Used for drug test

Indirect
- 2 antibodies are used
- detects antibodies
- used for

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16
Q

Selective toxicity

A

selectively finding and destroying pathogens w/o damaging the host

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17
Q

Superinfetion

A

overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resitant to antibiotics

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18
Q

Tetracycline

A

Largest broad spectrum antibody

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19
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Bacitracin
  • Vancomycin
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20
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit protein sythesis

A
  • Without proteins microbes can grow
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
    -tetracyline
  • Streptomycin
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21
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription

A
  • Quinolones
  • Rifampin
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22
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that injure the plasma membrane

A
  • Polymyxin B
  • usually a topical treatment
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23
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibits metabolite synthesis

A
  • Sulfanilamide
  • Trimethoprim
  • interferes with critical pathways
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24
Q

Penicillin

A
  • inhibits the cell wall by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan
  • contains B-lactam rings
    Natural
    • Penicillin G: injected
      - Penicillin V: oral
      - Narrow spectrum

Semisynthetic Penicillins
- Contain chemically added side chains to make it resistant to penicillinases

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25
Inhibiting protein synthesis
- Targets 70s bacterial ribosomes
26
Chloramphenicol Inhibits protein synthesis
- inhibits peptide bond formation - cant make protein Synthesized chemically - Broad spectrum - suppress bone marrow and affect blood cell formation
27
Aminoglycoside Inhibits protein synthesis
- causes misshaping of proteins - shapes of 30S and 70S - Causes audiotory damage - Secondary infections - Streptomycin - Neomycin - Gentamicin
28
Tetracyclines Inhibits protein synthesis
- Interferes with tRNA attachments - Broad spectrum - can suppress normal intestinal microbiota
29
Macrolides Inhibits protein synthesis
-Plugs the exit tunnel of growing peptides - Narrow spectrum
30
Injury of plasma membrane
- Lipoproteins - Polymyxin - Topical, bactericidal - effective against gram neg. - Daptomycin - used for skin infections - attacks bacterial cell membrane -Polypeptide antibiotics change plasma membrane permeability
31
Inhibit nucleic acid synthsis
- Interferes with DNA replication and transcription -Rifamycin - inhibits mRNA synthesis - penetrates tissue Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones - Nalidixic acid - synthetic - inhibits DNA gyrase - Norfloxacin - Broad spectrum non-toxic
32
Inhibits essential metabolites
- Stops synthesis of folic acid - Needed for synthesizing nucleic acids and proteins -competetitvly binds with the enzyme for para-aminobenzoic - para-aminobenzoic (PABA) produces folic acid
33
Antifungal drugs
- interurrps the synthesis of ergosterol - makes the membrane excessively permeable - Polynese - Amphoterincin: toxic to the kidneys Azoles - Imidazoles: treats cutaneous mycoses - Triazole: treats systemic fungal infections Allylamines - azole- resistant infections
34
Echinocandins
-antifungal drug that inhibits cells wallF
35
Flucytosine
- antifungal drug that interferes with RNA synthesis
36
Antivirals for treating HIV/AIDS
-Nucleoside analog (zidovudine) -Nucleotide analog (tenofovir) - Non-nucleoside inhibitors (nevirapine) - Protease inhibitiors (atazanavir) - Intergrase inhibitors (raltegravir) - Entry inhibitors (miracviroc) - Fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide)
37
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
-Persister cells - microbes with genetic characteristics allowing them to survive when exposed to antibiotics - Superbugs - bacteria that are resistant to a large number of antibiotic
38
Resistant genes
- Spread horizonataly among bacteria on plasmids or transposones - via conjunction or transduction
39
Mechanisms of Resistance
- Prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe - enyzmatic destruction or inactivation of drug - Rapid efflux or antibiotic - Alteration of drugs target site
40
Hypersensitivity
- Antigenic response beyond normal - Sensitivized by pervious exposure
41
Type 1 Hypersensitivity ( Anaphyactic)
- occurs minutes after a person is reexsposed to that antigen - IgE antibodies - Exposed to mast cells and basophils - Histamines: increase blood capillaries permability - Leukocytes: cause prolonged contraction of smooth muscle - Prostaglandins: increases muscle secretion and affects smooth muscle
42
Type 1 Hypersensitivity ( Anaphyactic) PT.2
- Systemic anaphylactic shock - sensitized by antigen then reexposed - may result in death or circulatory collapse - Treated with EPINEPHRINE - blood vessels dialate Localized anaphylaxis - Ingestion or inhalation of antigen - Hives, hay fever, asthma - Treated with antihistamines
43
Type 2 Hypersensitivity II (Cytotoxins)
- IgG and IgA - ABO blood group system - Cellular damage can occurs in 5-8 hours by macrophage and other antibodies - Transfusion reactions - A antigens, B antigens or both - Type O has no. antigens
44
Blood types Cytotoxic reaction
- AB is universal acceptor - O is universal donor - Type A is anti B - Type B is anti A - Type O is anti A & B
45
Rh blood group Cytotoxic reaction
- Rh factor antigens are found on RBC s of 85% of the population - Rh+ blood given to an Rh recipient will stimulate anti Rh antibodies - Hemolytic disease of newborns - Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus will cause the mother to produce anti Rh antibodies - Damages fetus RBCs
46
Drug induced cytotoxic reaction
- Thrombocytopenic purpura - Platelets + Drugs= antigenic complex - Antibodies + Complement = destroyed platelets -Agranulocytosis - Drug- induces immune destruction of granulocytes - Hymolytic anemia - Drug-induces immune destruction of RBCs
47
Type III (immune complex) reaction
- antibodies form against soluble antigens in the serum - on the cell or tissue surface - immune complex - IgG - removed rapidly by phagocytosis - Activates complement and cause inflammation - Glomerulonephritis - inflammatory damage to the kidney due to immune complexes as a result of infection - Attacks the body - lupus
48
Type IV (delayed cell- mediated) reaction
- Caused by T cells - Reexposure to antigens cause memory cells to release destructive cytokines - Delayed because it takes time for Tcells and macrophages to migrate near foreign antigens - ex: transplant rejection - Foreign antigens bind to tissues cells and are phagocytied by macrophages - Skin Test - Posion ivy, latex ect. - response mediated by cells interluken cells
49
Autoimmune Diseases
- Lose of self-tolerance - the abitlity to distingish between self and non-self - immune system response to self antigens causing damage to organs - Cytoyoxic - Immune complex - Cell mediated
50
Cytotoxic autoimmune
- antibodies react with cell surface antigens - Multiple Sclerosis - Neruo disease - T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath of nerve cells - causes: compromises nerve impulses and lead to scarring - Graves disease - Thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of hormones - Usually the production of hormones are from the brain - Causes: Budged eyes, sweating, trembling - Myasthenia Gravis - Antibodies coat acetylcholines receptors - Causes: muscles fail to receive nerve signals - Result in: collapse lung b/c the muscle tissue cant receive signals
51
Immune complex autoimmune
- Systemic lups - immune complexes form in kidney glomeruli - Rheumatoid arthritis - Immune complexes formed in the joints - IgG and IgM and complexes are depositied in the joints - severe damage to the cartilage and bones of joints
52
Cell mediated Autoimmune
- T cells attack tissues - Insulin dependent diabetes - T cells attack insulin secreting cells -Psoriasis and Psoriasis arththritis - Disease of the skin - treated with immunesuppressants that target T cells
53
Reactions related to human leukocyte antigen complex
- Histocompatibility antigens - self antigens on cell surfaces - Major histocompatibility antigens (MHC) - Genes encoding histocompatibility - Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) - major histocompatibility antigens in human - some are related to specific diseases
54
Reactions to Transplants
- transplant may attack Tcells, macrophages and complement-fixing antibodies - Privileged sites and tissues - SITES - areas of the body that dont elicit immune response - TISSUE - area of the body or tissue that dont elicit immune response EX of site and tissue: heart valve and cornea transplants
55
Stem cells
- master cells that can generate many different cell types - Embryonic stem cells - from blastocysts - used to regenerate tissue and organs - Pluripotent can regenerate all types of cells - Adult stem cells - adult tissues that have differentiated
56
Bone marrow transplants
- For those who lack Tcells and B cells which are vital for immunity - Increases RBCs in recipient
57
Grafts
- transfer of tissue from one body part to another - for burn victims or plastic surgery ect. - Auto graph: one's own tissue - Isograft: identical twin - Allograft: from another person - Xenotransplant: from nonhuman tissue - Graft vs host - bone marrow contains immunocompetent cells
58
Cancer Cells
- removed by immune surveillance - cancer cells have tumor assoicated antigens that are marked as nonself - Limitations - non antigenic epitotes to target - tumor cells reproduce rapidly - tumor become invisible to the immune system - latent metastasis - Cells become cancerous after undergoing transformation w/o control
59
Immunotherapy for cancer
- Endotoxins from bacteria to stimulate TNF to interdere with the blood supply of cancers - Vaccines - Feline lekemia, cervical cancer, and liver cancer - Monoclonal antibodies - breast cancer: herciptin - immunotoxins targets and kills tumors w/o damaging host cells
60
Immunodeficiencies
- Absence of sufficient immune response - Congenital immunodeficiencies - defective or missing gene Aquired immunotherapy - developed during someones life - from drugs, cancers or infections
61
(AIDS) Acquired Immunodeficiency disease
- virus destroys CD4+ cells - allows cancer & bacterias, virus , fungi protazoan to cause HIV infection - orignated in the Congo - Genus: Lentivirus - Retrovirus - reverse transcription enzymes - phospholipid envelope - gp12 glycoprotien spike - 2 identical RNA strands
62
Pathogenicity of HIV
- Virus fuses and enter the cell via receptor mediated endocyotsis - spreads by dendritic cell and macrophages the contact w/ lymphoid organs cause the activation of T-helper cells - once virus is inside the cell RNA is transcribed into DNA w/ reverse transcription - virus undergoes rapid antigenic changes at a high rate of mutation
63
Subtypes of HIV
- HIV-1 - Related to infecting chimpanzees and gorillas - Group M 90% - HIV-2 - Related to infecting monkeys and sooty mangabeys - less pathogenic than HIV-1
64
Stages of HIV
- Phase 1 - asymptomatic or lymphadenopthaty - Phase 2 - CD4+ T cell decline steadily - only a few symptoms - Phase 3 - AIDS develops - CD4+ count is below 200 cells
65
Resistance to HIV infection
- strong and effective immune response initially' - Once HIV is in the latently infected CD4+ T cells the infection is impossible to clear
66
HIV Transmission
- Survies 6hr outside of cell - can survive 1.5 day inside a cell - sex, breast milk, needles, organ transplants ad blood transfusion
67
Preventing and treating AIDS
- Use of condoms - limited sexual partners - uses sterile needles - medication - fusion and cell entry inhibitors - reverse transcription inhibitors - nucleoside - Tenofovir and emtricitabrine - Antiretroviral thearpy - minimizes survival of resistant strains -Intergrase inhibitors - Intergrase inhibitor - prevents the production of genetic information getting into the host cells
68
drugs that inhibit the life cycle of HIV
- Fusion and entry inhibitors - Enfuvirirde - Maraviroc Reverse Transcription - Tenofovir - Emtricitabine - Integrase inhibiots - Raltgravir

BIO 2440 (5 decks)

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