MICROBIAL WORLD AND YOU Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
5 types of microbes
A
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses
2
Q
What produces can microbes produce?
A
insulin, cellulase ect..
3
Q
What chemical products can microbes produce?
A
ethanol, acetone and vitamins
4
Q
How are microbes useful
A
Prevent food spoilage, can prevent disease and epidemics
5
Q
Genus
A
Capitalized
ex: Escherichia, Staphylococcus ect.
6
Q
Bacteria
A
- Prokaryote
- Peptidoglycan cell well (enclosed)
- Binary fushion for reproducing and dividing
- Single cel organism
7
Q
Archea
A
- Prokaryotic
- found in extreme enviornment
- 3 groups: methanogen, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
8
Q
What is a methanogen
A
bacteria that produces methane as a waste produce from respiration
9
Q
What is an extreme halophile
A
bacteria that lives in extremely salty environment
10
Q
What is extreme thermophiles
A
bacteria that lives in extremely hot environments
11
Q
Fungi
A
-Eukaryotes
- can’t go through photosynthesis
- reproduces sexually and a sexually
12
Q
What is the most common type of fungi
A
Mold called mycelia
- cottony growth found typically on bread
13
Q
Protozoa
A
- Eukaryotes unicellular
- lives as a free entity or as a parasites
- can be mobil using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
14
Q
Protozoa energy source
A
Light as energy and uses CO2 to produce sugar
15
Q
Algae
A
- Eukaryotes that are photosynthesized
- Reproduces sexually and asexually
- cell well made of cellulose
16
Q
Where is algae found
A
Salt water, fresh water, soil and some plants
17
Q
Algae important role
A
Balancing nature b/c it releases O2 and carbohydrates
18
Q
Viruses
A
-Acellular
- Surrounded by a protein coat
19
Q
How does viruses reproduce
A
- By cellular machinary using other organisms
20
Q
Multicellular animal parasites
A
- Eukaryotic
- 2 main group
- Helminths are microscopes
21
Q
What are the 2 main groups of multicellular animals parasites
A
- Flatworms
- Roundworms
22
Q
What are the 3 domains of organisms
A
-Bacteria
- Archea
- Eukarya
23
Q
Bacteria
A
cell wall contains peptidoglycan
24
Q
Archea
A
Cell wall (if any) lacks peptiodgylcan
25
Eukarya
Fungi, plants, animals, protist
26
Eukaryotic fungi
- unicellular yeast
- multicellular molds
- mushrooms
27
Eukaryotic plants
- Mosses
- ferns
- flowing plants
28
Eukaryotic animals
- sponges
- worms
- insects
- vertebrates
29
Eukaryotic protist
- Slime mold
- protozoa
- algae
30
Robert Hook
- All living things are composed of cells
- Made a crude microscope
- lead the discovery of cell theory
31
Leeuwenhoek
- First to observe live organisms w/ microscope
- Animalcules
32
Redi
- Set out to disproved spontaneous generation combustion
- 2 jar experiment: one was left open and the other was sealed shut. The open jar produce maggots and the closed one didn't
33
Spallaniza
- "Vital source" was needed for generation
34
Pasteur
- Disproved spontaneous generation "S-shaped flask experiment)
- Proved that microorganism in the air contaminate and cause microbes
- Fermentation
- Pasteurization
35
Jospeh Lister
- First physician to preform aseptic technique during surgery
36
Robert Koch
- Directly linked specific microbes to specific diseases
- Kosh postulate: step by step why to isolate bacteria
37
Jenner
- First vaccination
- Cure smallpoxs using cowpox
- Discovery that is you get the virius once its virulence factor decreases
38
Ehrlich
- Magic bullet
- used for chemothearpy
- Find a way to harm the pathogen only and keep the host safe
- Synthetic drugs
- Discovered Salvarson which is used to fight against syphilis
39
Flemming
-Discovered antibiotics
- observed penicillin
40
Biogenesis
Theory that all living cells come from existing cells
41
Genomics
Study of genes and their functions
42
Microbial ecology
- study of relationships between micrcoorganisms and their environment and how they interact with plants/ animals in various environments
43
Conjugation
the process of genetic information being tranferred from one bacterium to another
44
Bioremediation
the process of using bacteria to remover toxins
- from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites oil spills ect
45
Recombination DNA
used to produce natural proteins, vaccines and enzymes
46
Gene therapy
-Method of recombination DNA
- Inserting a missing or replacing a defective gene in humans
- uses a harmless virus to carry the gene into the host
47
Pasteurization
- The application of applying high heat for a short amount of time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
48
Normal microbiota
- Acquired as newborns
- May colonize permentant residents or transient microbiota
- only colonized where their are proper nutrients and the right environment
- pervent growth of pathogens
49
What vitamins does the normal microbiota produce growth factors for
Vitamin B and K
50
Resistance factors for normal microbiota
Skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
-
51
Immunological benefits of normal microbiota
bacterial antagonism
52
Is biofilm harmful or helpful
Both
53
How is biofilm helpful
-Can protect mucous membrane from harmful microbes
-source of food in lakes
54
How is biofilm harmful
- can clog pipes and medical devices
- cause infection
55
where can you find biofilm
On teeth, on rocks in lakes, on medical devices
56
What is biofilm
- A thin layer of slime that covers surfaces
- its made of bacteria from the same species or a group of species
57
How can the body destroy biofilm
- By fever, white blood cells, inflammatory response, antibiotics
58
What are the types of light microscopy
- Compound
- Darkfield
- Brightfield
- Phase-contrast microscopy
- Differential interference contrast
- fluorescence
- confocal
59
Compound microscope
- Standard microscope
- enlarge appearance
- 40x, 100x, and 400x
- Shorter wavelengths to provide greater resolution
60
Bright field
- Brightly illuminated background
- dark specimen
-Used to see visualized stained specimen
61
Dark field
- Dark background
- Light visible speicmen
- cant be stained the stand way
- opaque disk blocks out the light
- used to examine unstained microorganisms in liquid
62
Phase-contrast
- examines living organisms and internal cell structures (ex. DNA)
63
Differential interference contrast
-Specimen is brightly colored and appears 3D
-Higher resolution than phase contrast
64
Fluorescence
- Uses UV light (short wavelengths)
- used as a diagnostic technique to detect antigens in the body (ex. syphilis, rabies, tuberculosis ect.
-Fluorescent antibody and immunofluorescent
- cells maybe dye with fluorochrome if the dont naturally fluoresce
65
Confocal
- cells are stains with fluorochrome dyes
- 3D image is made with a computer (stock images, digital images)
- Used to examine cellular physiology
- short wavelengths (blue)
66
Two-photon microscopy
- cells are dyed with fluorochrome dyes
- long wavelengths (red)
- study living cells ip to 1nm deep
67
Scanning acoustic
-Measures sound waves from specimen
- used to study cells attached to surfaces
- cancer cells, artery plaque and bacteria biofilm
68
Electron microscopy
-Uses electron instead of light
- shorter wavelength
- used for images too small to be seen with light microscopes (virus)
- 2 types: transmission and scanning electron
69
Transmission electron
- can be stained with heavy metal salts for contrast
10pm resolution
- Specimen is on a copper mesh grid
- used to study the very smallest specimens
- shadow casting ( helps determine actual size)
- Disadvantages
- very thin layers, no 3D aspect, specimens must be fixed, dehydrated and vacuumed which could cause damage
70
Scanning electrons
- provides 3D view of the specimen
- used to study the surface structures of intact cells and viruses
71
Scanning tunneling microscopy
- used a thin tungsten probe to scan specimens
- produces images that are used to reveal bumps and depressions of the atom on the surface of specimens
- Provide great images of molecules like DNA
72
Atomic force microscopy
- Metal and diamond probe that gently forces down onto the specimen
- creates a 3D image
- used to image biological substances (atomic detail) and molecular process of fibrin (a componet in blood clots)
73
Basic dyes
-positive ions
- crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green and safranin
74
Acidic dyes
- negative dyes
- eosin, acid fushsin, and nigrosin
75
Simple stains
- highlights the entire microorganism so cell shape and basic structure is visible
- uses methylene blue, carbofuchsin, crystal violet, and safranin
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Differential staining
-Gram staining
- postivite and negative staining
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Acid fast staining
- Used to identify all bacteria of the Mycobacterium
78
Special stains
- used to stain specific parts of microorganisms
- negative staining, endospore staining, flagella staining
79
Negative staining
- For capsules
- doesn't accept biological dyes
- appears as halos around the bacterial cell
- used to determine the virulence of the organism
80
Endospore staining
- uncommon in bacterial cells
- ordinary methods of staining wont penetrate the endspore wall
- malachite green is the primary stain
- safranin is the counter stain
81
Prokaryotes
- bacteria cell wall: peptidoglycan
- archaea cell wall: pseudomurein
- 1 circular chromosome not in a membrane
- no organelles or histones
- Divides by binary fushion
82
Eukaryotes
- Polysaccharide cell well if present
- Paired chromosomes
- has organelles and histones
- Divides by mitosis
83
Shapes of bacteria
- Coccus
- Bacillus
- Spiral
- Star-shaped
- Rectangular
84
Coccus
Spherical/ circles
85
Bacillus
Rods
86
Spiral
Vibrio: comma
Spirillum: external flagella
Spirochete: endoflagella
87
Star-shaped
-from food vacules
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Spherical shaped
- from in nature
- takes a lot of energy to maintain
89
Pairs of bacteria
-Diplococci
- Diplobacilli
90
Cluster of bacteria
- Staphylococci
91
Chain of bacteria
- Streptococci
-Streptobacilli
92
Group of bacteria
Tetrads
93
Cubelike group of eight
Sarcinae
94
Glycocalyx
- Sugar coating
- sticky, gelatious polymer
- A substance prokaryotes produce on thier surface
-made inside the cell
- described as a capsule
95
What is glycocalyx made from
- peptides
- polysaccharides
- or both
96
What is a capsules
- important contributor to bacterial virulences
- protects pathogens from phagocytosis
97
How is glycocalyx important to biofilm
- helps biofilm adhere to their surface and the bacteria to each other
98
Extracellular polymeric substance
- helps facilitate communication
- enables cells to attach to various surfaces
99
How does glycocalyx protect cells
- protects cells from dehydration
- inhibits nutrient movement outside the cell
100
Flagella
- long filaments appendages that propel bacteria
101
Types of flagella
- Atrichous
- pertitichous
- polar
- monotrichous
- lopotrichous
- amphitrichous
102
Atrichous
- bacteria that lack flagella
103
Pertitichous
- flagella all around the cell
104
Polar flagella
- flagella on one or both poles of the cell
105
Monotrichous
- single flagella on one pole of the cell
106
lopotriichous
- a bundle of flagella coming from one pole of the cell
107
Amphitrichous
- flagella at both poles of the cell
108
3 basic parts of flagellum
- Filament: long outer region
- Hook: attaches to filaments
- Basal body: anchors flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
109
Flagella runs vs swims
Runs: interrupted by periodic, abrupt and random changes in directions (tumbles)
Swims: no interruptions
110
Chemotaxis
- Chemical stimuli invloved
111
Phototaxis
light stimuli invloved
112
Atrractants
Chemotactic signs are positive
113
Repellent
chemotactic signals are neg.
- results in multiple tumbles
114
Archella
- Knoblike structures that anchor archella to the cell
- Pili and archaella use ATP for energy
- consist of glycoproteins called archellin's
115
Axial filaments
- spirachetes: group of bacteria with a unique shape and structure and mobility
- Spriochetes move this way
116
Fimbriae and Pili
Pilian is the protein that arranges around a central core and are divided into 2 : pili and fimbriae
- Pili mobility involves gliding and twitiching
- fimbriae can occur at the polor around the entire cell
- Fimbriae: has hairlike appendages that allow attachment
117
Conjugation pili
DNA transfer from one cell to another
118
Gram- positive cell walls
- Teichoic acid
- lipoteinchoic acid links cell wells to plasma membranes
- carries a negative charge
- polysaccharides and teichoic acid provide anitgenic specificity
- produces exotoxins
- high susceptibility to penicillin
- disrupted by lysoxymes
119
Gram- negative cell wall
- outer membrane and the plasma membrane
- outer membrane is made of ploysaccharides, lipoprotiens, and phospholipids
- produces exotoxins and endotoxins
- low susceptibility to penicillin
120
Damage to the cell wall
- lysozymes hydrolyzes bOnds in peptidoglycan (GRAM P)
-Penicillin ( GRAM P)
- Spheroplast
- Irregular shaped cell walls
121
Chemical and physcial requirements for growth
Chemicals:
-C, N, S, P, O
- Trace elements
- Organic growth factors
Physical:
- Temp
- pH
- Osmotic pressure
122
Temperture
Psychrophiles: cold
Mesophiles: moderate
thermophiles: hot
123
Psychrophiles
- 0' C
- Slowly degrades food
- slime on food
- off taste or color to food
124
Mesophile
-25-40' C
- Host temp
- pathogenic bacteria is usually 37' C
- Food spoilage and disease organism
125
Thermophiles
- 50 - 60' C
-Cant grow below 45' C
- Not considered a health problem
126
Hyperthermophiles
- 80'C or higher
- hot springs w/ volcanic activity
- sulfur in their metooblic activity
127
pH of bacteria
- Most bacteria is neutral (6.5 -7.5)
128
Acidic bacterias
- acidphiles
- pickles, sauerkraut, most cheeses and bacteria fermentation
- Molds and yeast
129
Osmotic pressure in bacteria
- Pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the plasma membrane
- get nutrients from surrounding water
- plasmolysis: shrinkage of cytoplasm
130
Types of movement across the membrane
- Passive process
- Active processes
131
Passive process
- moves from high to low concentration
- goes with the flow
- no energy needed
EX: simple diffusion and facillitated diffusion and osmosis
132
Simple diffusion
- from high concentration to low concentration
- continues till equalilbrium is reached
133
Facilitated diffusion
- transporter protein helps with moving across the membrane
- transport ion and large molecules
134
Osmosis
- the movement of water across the membrane
- high water to a low area of water concentration
- through the lipid bilayer
- aquaporins ( water channels)
135
Active processes
- Active transport
136
Active transport
- requires ATP and transport protein
- Low concentration to a high concetration
137
Aerobes
Uses oxygen for nutrients
138
anaerobes
dont need oxygen
139
obligated aerobes
-require oxygen to live
- poor solubles
140
Facilitated anaerobes
- can grow in the absence of oxygen
- can use oxygen if prensent
with oxygen effiecncy is decreased
141
anaerobes
- cant used molecular oxygen for energy reaction
142
Endospores
- Resting cells when nutrients is depleted
- resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals and radiation
- sporulation: formation of endospores
- germination: endospores return to a vegetative state
143
Culture medium
- material prepared in a lab for the growth of microorganism growth
