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103 Theme 1 - Anatomy > Applied Anatomical Concepts > Flashcards

Applied Anatomical Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of breathing and what is the definition of respiration?

A
  • Breathing: inspiration and expiration
  • Respiration: oxygen conveyed to tissues and cells, and the oxidation products, carbon dioxide and water, are given off (gaseous exchange)
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2
Q

What are the -

2 phases of breathing

2 places of breathing

2 types of breathing

A

Phases:

  1. Inspiration (inhalation)
  2. Expiration (exhalation)

Areas:

  1. Thoracic
  2. Abdominal

Types:

  1. Quiet
  2. Forced
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3
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A
  • Decrease in volume = increase in pressure
  • Increase in volume = decrease in pressure
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4
Q

What happens to the intrathoracic volume and pressure during inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration - Increase in intrathoracic volume = Decreased intrathoracic pressure

Expiration - Decreased intrathoracic volume = Increased intrathoracic pressure

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5
Q

How does inspiration occur?

A
  • Parietal pleura is pulled with the movement of the ribs and diaphragm
  • Visceral pleura moves with parietal pleura (surface tension)
  • Lung volume increases
  • Air moves into lungs towards lower pressure
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6
Q

How does expiration occur?

A
  • Visceral pleura moves with elastic recoil of lungs
  • Parietal pleura moves with the ribs and diaphragm as they return to rest
  • Surface tension between parietal and visceral pleura prevents lung from collapsing
  • Lung volume decreases
  • Air moves out of lungs towards lower pressure
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7
Q

Label the type of dimension changes and whether they would change in thoracic or abdominal breathing.

A

Thoracic breathing

  1. Lateral/Transverse diameter
  2. Anteroposterior diameter

Abdominal breathing

  1. Vertical diameter
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8
Q

What type of diameter change does this show?

A

Lateral Diameter of Thorax

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9
Q

How does lateral diameter change assist in breathing?

A
  • Lateral edges of ribs are elevated supero-laterally during inspiration and the lateral diameter of thoracic cavity increases
  • Results in an increase in the transverse or lateral diameter of chest cavity
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10
Q

What is the lateral diameter change also known as?

A

Bucket handle movement

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11
Q

What type of diameter change does this show?

A

Anteroposterior Diameter of Thorax

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12
Q

How does the anteroposterior diameter change assist breathing?

A
  • Anterior ends of ribs are raised during inspiration
  • Elevation causes sternum to also be raised
  • Movement is facilitated by costal cartilages
  • Results in an increase in antero-posterior diameter of chest cavity
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13
Q

What is the anteroposterior diameter change also known as?

A

Pump handle movement

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14
Q

How does the vertical diameter change assist with breathing?

A
  • Via diaphragm which forms floor of thoracic cavity
  • Resting position of diaphragm is domed
  • Upon contraction the diaphragm descends 5 -10 cm compressing abdominal organs
  • Increases vertical diameter of thorax
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15
Q

What muscles are used in quiet inspiration and quiet expiration?

A

Quiet Inspiration

  • External intercostals
  • Scalene muscles
  • Diaphragm

Quiet Expiration

Normally a passive process. Elastic recoil of lungs expels air and chest wall falls back into resting position

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16
Q

What muscles is this?

A

Scalenes

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17
Q

What muscles are used in forced inspiration?

A

Muscles used in quiet inspiration,

  • External intercostals
  • Scalene muscles
  • Diaphragm

plus: Pectoral muscles, Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and Latissimus dorsi

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18
Q

What muscles are used in forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals, Oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, Quadratus lumborum

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19
Q
A
20
Q

Name an example of when forced inspiration and forced expiration would occur

A

Forced inspiration - during excersise

Forced expiration - coughing, playing wind instrument

21
Q

Complete the diagram

A
22
Q

Complete the diagram

A
23
Q

What tissue is the diaghpragm made up of?

A

Sheet of skeletal muscle with a central tendon

24
Q

Where does the pericardium and the parietal pleura attach to the diaphragm?

A
  • Pericardium attached to middle of tendon on its superior surface
  • Diaphragmatic (parietal) pleura lines its superior surface
25
Q

Complete the diagram of the diaphragm

A
26
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the diaphram?

A

Origin has 3 parts

1) Sternal (xiphoid process),
2) Costal (costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, ribs 11 and 12),
3) Lumbar (medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and lumbar vertebral bodies)

Insertion: Central tendon

27
Q

Complete the diagram of the origin and insertion of the diaphragm

A
28
Q

Where does the lumbar part of the diaphragm arise from?

A

Lumbar part of diaphragm arises from the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and from the lumbar vertebral bodies via right and left crura.

29
Q

How is the aortic hiatus formed?

A

The right and left crura meet to form the median arcuate ligament to form aortic hiatus

30
Q

How is the oesophageal hiatus formed?

A

Fibres of the right crus pass around the oesophagus forming the oesophageal hiatus

31
Q

Complete the diagram on the lumbar attachements of the diaphragm

A
32
Q

What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm?

A
  1. Opening for Inferior Vena Cava (T8)
  2. Oesophageal hiatus (T10)
  3. Aortic hiatus (T12) - the thoracic duct and azygos vein also pass through the aortic hiatus
33
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm altering the volume of the thorax?

A
  • Quiet inspiration (descends approx. 2cm)
  • Forced inspiration (descends 7-10cm) e.g. coughing
  • Aids venous return
  • Hiccups
34
Q

What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?

A

Superior & Inferior phrenic arteries

35
Q

Complete the diagram of the openings of the diaphragm

A
36
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm altering the volume of the abdomen?

A

Urinating and defecation

Lifting heavy objects (braces vertebral column)

Child birth

37
Q

Complete the diagram on the nerves

A
38
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve arrise from?

A

From ventral rami of C3, C4, C5

39
Q

Which nerve does the phrenic nerve enter the superior mediastinum lateral to?

A

Vagus nerve

40
Q

What structures does the phrenic nerve supply motor and sensory innervation to?

A

Motor: diaphragm (sole supply)

Sensory:

  • pericardium
  • parietal pleura (mediastinal and central part of diaphragmatic)
  • parietal peritoneum
  • central region of diaphragm
41
Q

Does the phrenic nerve pass anterior or posterior to the main bronchi?

A

Anterior

42
Q

What is a pancoast tumour?

A

Pancoast Tumour is cancer located at apex of the lung

43
Q

How can a pancoast tumour cause hoarseness?

A
44
Q

What pathology does this x-ray show?

A

Pancoast tumour

45
Q

Name 2 situations that have different outcomes depending on coronary artery dominance

A

Blockage of the main right or left coronary artery will have different outcomes depending on coronary artery dominance

Coronary artery dominance is also important when planning for a coronary artery bypass graft

46
Q

What is this imaging technique?

Label the image

Is this a left or right dominant heart?

A

This is a coronary angiogram, 3D CT image

Right dominant heart

47
Q

How can coronary dominance be determined?

A

Arteriograms are used to determine coronary artery dominance

103 Theme 1 - Anatomy (7 decks)

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