Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Define Musculoskeletal system
A
Name given to the muscular system and skeletal system working together
2
Q
Name every bone from the toes to the top (excluding the arms)
A
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Talus
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Femur
Sacrum
Pelvis
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Clavicle
Jaw bone
Cranium
3
Q
Name every bone from fingers to the shoulder
A
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle
4
Q
Name the four types of bones
A
Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones
5
Q
What is a long bone?
Give examples
A
.Enable gross (large) movements
.Examples: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, etc
6
Q
What is a short bone?
Give examples
A
.Short bones enable finer, controlled movements
.Examples: Tarsals and Carpals
7
Q
What is a flat bone?
Give examples
A
.Often quite large and usually protect vital organs
.Pelvis, Cranium, Ribs, Sternum, etc
8
Q
What is an irregular bone?
Example
A
.Specifically shaped to protect
.For example the vertebrae are designed to protect the spinal cord
9
Q
Define articulating bones
A
bones that meet at a joint to enable movement
10
Q
Name the articulating bones which meet at the shoulder
A
.Humerus
.Clavicle
.Scapula
11
Q
Name the articulating bones which meet at the elbow
A
.Humerus
.Radius
.Ulna
12
Q
Name the articulating bones which meet at the Hip
A
.Femur
.Pelvis
13
Q
Name the articulating bones which meet at the knee
A
.Femur
.Tibia
.Fibula
.Patella
14
Q
Name the articulating bones which meet at the ankle
A
.Fibula
.Tibia
.Talus
15
Q
Name the six functions of the skeleton
A
.Support for muscles and vital organs
.Protection of vital organs
.Movement
.Shape and structure
.Blood cell production ( in the bone marrow )
.Storage of minerals
16
Q
Define synovial joint
A
Synovial joint ( also known as freely moveable joints ) is an area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet
17
Q
Where in the body are synovial joints found?
A
Shoulder
Elbow
Hip
Knee
Ankle
18
Q
Draw a picture of a synovial joint found at the knee
A
(Find an image online)
19
Q
Name all features of a synovial joint (excluding bone and muscle)
A
.Tendon
.Cartilage
.Ligaments
.Joint Capsule
.Synovial membrane
.Synovial fluid
.Bursae
20
Q
Function of the tendon
A
.Very strong, non elastic cords which attach muscle to bone
21
Q
Function of the cartilage
A
.A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction
22
Q
Function of the ligament
A
.Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement
23
Q
Function of the Joint capsule
A
.Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together
24
Q
Function of the Synovial membrane
A
.The lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid
25
Function of the Synovial fluid
.A clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and prevents the bones from rubbing together
26
Function of the Bursae
.A sac filled with liquid ,floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone. In addition they act as a cushion that absorbs pressure in some joints.
27
Name two freely moveable (synovial) joint types
.Ball and Socket joint
.Hinge joint
28
Name the ball and socket joints found in the body
.Shoulder joint
.Hip joints
29
What movements does the ball and socket joint enable for?
.Rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension and circumduction
30
Name the hinge joints found in the body
.Elbow joint
.Knee joint
.Ankle joint
31
What movement does the hinge joint enable for?
Only flexion and extension
32
Name all the different types of movement
.Flexion and Extension
.Abduction and Adduction
.Rotation
.Circumduction
.Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
33
Define flexion
decrease in the angle of bones at a joint
34
Define extension
increase in the angle of bones at a joint
35
Define abduction
movement of bone or limb away from the midline of the body
36
Define adduction
movement of bone or limb towards the midline of the body
37
Define rotation
a circular movement around a joint or, in other words, around an axis
38
Define cirumduction
movement of a bone or limb in a circular pattern; a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
39
Define Plantar flexion
movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the ankle joint
40
Define Dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint
41
Name all the muscles from the toes to the hip
.Tibialis anterior
.Gastrocnemius
.Quadricep group
.Hamstring group
.Hip flexors
.Gluteals
(Use online diagram to help)
42
Name all the muscles from the hip up
.Abdominals
.Intercostal muscles
.Pectorals
.Latissimus dorsi
.Trapezius
.Deltoids
.Rotator cuff
.Bicep
.Tricep
.Sternocleidomastoid
(Use online diagram to help)
43
Muscles that operate at the shoulder joint
Deltoid
Pectorals
Rotator Cuff
Bicep
Tricep
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
44
Muscles that operate at the elbow joint
Bicep
Tricep
45
Muscles that operate at the hip joint
Hip flexor
Gluteal
46
Muscles that operate at the knee joint
Quadricep group
Hamstring group
47
Muscles that operate at the ankle joint
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
48
Define Prime mover (or agonist)
the muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. The prime mover works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist.
49
Define Antagonist
the muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place. The antagonist works in an antagonistic pair with the agonist.
50
Name the four antagonistic pairs
.Bicep and Tricep
.Hip flexor and Gluteals
.Hamstring group and Quadricep group
.Tibialis anterior and Gastrocnemius
51
Define Isotonic contraction
a muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement. Isotonic contractions can be concentric or eccentric.
52
Define concentric isotonic contraction
when the (singular) muscle contracts and shortens
53
Define eccentric isotonic contraction
when the (singular) muscle contracts and lengthens
54
Define isometric contraction
a muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts. There is no limb movement as a result.
55
Define cardio-respiratory system
name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together
56
Label a diagram of the respiratory system with its features
(Use online image)
Features should include: Nose, mouth,trachea, intercostal muscles, left and right bronchus, bronchioles, left and right lung, diaphragm, alveoli and capillaries
57
Describe the pathway of air into the lungs
Enters through mouth and nose
Enters the trachea
Then passes through the bronchi then the bronchioles and into the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs.
58
Define Gaseous exchange
the process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli
59
Describe the process of Gaseous exchange
1.Oxygen that has been breathed in passes through the alveoli and into the red blood cells in the capillaries
2. In the capillaries, the oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and is then carried around the body
3. At the same time the haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the body to the capillaries
4. The carbon dioxide in the capillaries passes through the alveoli and is breathed out
60
Define haemoglobin
the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body
61
Define oxyhaemoglobin
a chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds with oxygen
62
Define alveoli
small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place
63
Define capillarires
a network of microscopic blood vessels. They are only one cell thick
64
Define diffusion pathway
the distance travelled during diffusion. The diffusion pathway is short in gaseous exchange.
65
How is alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?
Thin walls (one cell thick)
Moist
Large surface area
Numerous surrounding capillaries, ensuring a large blood supply to the area
66
Define inhalation/inspiration
the process of breathing in
67
Define exhalation/expiration
the process of breathing out
68
Describe what happens during Inspiration
.The diaphragm contracts and flattens
.Intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs up and out
.The volume of the chest cavity increases, decreasing the air pressure inside the lungs
.Air moves inwards from an area of high pressure to low pressure
69
Describe what happens during Expiration
.The diaphragm relaxes and goes back into a dome shape
.Intercostal muscles relax allowing the ribs to drop down and in
.The volume of the chest cavity decreases, increasing the air pressure in the lungs
.Air moves outwards from an area of higher to lower pressure
70
Annotate a spirometer trace, labelling the key features
(Use online image)
Key features:
Inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume, Residual volume, Tidal volume, Vital capacity and Total lung capacity
71
Define Tidal volume
Normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. Tidal volume increases with exercise.
72
Define Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (after a normal expiration). Expiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise.
73
Define Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume (normal inspiration). Inspiratory reserve decreases during exercise
74
Define Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. There is not change in residual volume during exercise.
75
Define Vital Capacity
The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
76
Define heart rate
the number of times your heart beats in one minute. One heartbeat is one contraction and relaxation of the heart. Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm)
77
Why does your heart rate increase during exercise?
This is because the heart is called on to supply more oxygen to the working muscles and, therefore, has to work harder.
78
Label a diagram of a heart
(Use online image)
Key features:
.Right and Left ventricle
.Right and Left atrium
.Inferior and Superior Vena cava
.Pulmonary artery
.Pulmonary veins
.Aorta
.Septum
.Valves
79
Name the three types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
80
Features of Arteries (why?)
.Thick muscular walls as they carry oxygenated blood away from the heart quickly, under high pressure. (Exception is the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood).
.Do not have valves
.Small internal diameter
81
Features of Veins (why?)
.Thinner walls but larger internal diameter than arteries this is because blood pressure is low in the veins.
.Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (exception is the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood)
.Contain valves (stops backflow)
82
Features of capillaries (why?)
.They are microscopic blood vessels that link arteries to veins
.Thin (one cell thick) walls to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through during gaseous exchange
83
Describe the pathway of the blood
1) Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
2) It then passes through a valve to the right ventricle
3) The pulmonary artery transports the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
4) Gaseous exchange occurs resulting in oxygenated blood
5) The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
6) It then passes through a valve to the left ventricle
7) Oxygenated blood is ejected from the heart and is transported to the body via the aorta
84
Define pulse
the rhythmic throbbing that you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body
85
Define backflow
the flowing backwards of blood. Valves in the veins prevent backflow
86
Define diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood
87
Define systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood; when blood is ejected from the heart
88
Define cardiac cycle
one cycle of the diastole and systole is called the cardiac cycle
89
Define blood pressure
the pressure that the blood is under. Systolic reading means the pressure when the heart contracts and the diastolic reading means the pressure when the heart relaxes.
90
Define Vasoconstriction
the NARROWING of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow. The arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas.
91
Define Vasodilation
the WIDENING of the internal diameter of the blood vessel to increase blood flow. The arteries dilate during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing their oxygen supply.
92
How to calculate maximum heartrate
220 - Age
93
Define Stroke Volume (SV)
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
94
Define Cardiac Output (Q)
the volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.
Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
95
Define aerobic exercise
working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to for energy production and can work for a long period of time.
96
Define anaerobic exercise
working for high short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production
97
Define Intensity
the amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Working at a high intensity requires a large amount of energy. Working at a low intensity requires less energy.
98
99
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose ----> energy + lactic acid
100
Define lactic acid
a mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration
101
Examples of aerobic respiration
.Long-distance running
.Endurance cycling
.Long-distance swimming
102
Examples of anaerobic respiration
.100m or 200m sprint
.Activities that require fast, powerful, muscular contractions
103
Name the methods of recovery
Cool down
Manipulation of Diet
Ice baths or massage
104
Name the immediate effects of exercise
.Your heartrate will increase, as your heart works harder to deliver oxygen to the working muscles
.You will feel hotter as your body temperature increases
.You will breathe more deeply and more frequently, as your body delivers more oxygen to the working muscles
.You will sweat and your skin will redden, especially on your face. This occurs as part of the body's temperature control system.
105
Name the short term effects of exercise (can occur any time up to 36 hours after exercising)
.You will feel tired, possibly very fatigued
.You may experience muscle cramps
.You may experience DOMS if your exercise was of high intensity
.You may feel light headed
.You may feel nauseous
.Your muscles will ache
106
Name the long term effects of exercise
.Change in body shape (better as exercise keeps body weight down)
.You will see improvements in specific COF (depends on type of exercise
.Increase in stamina ( ability to exercise for longer )
.Increase in muscle size and will produce greater strength
.Cardiac hypertrophy ( heart is able to deliver more blood to your working muscles)
.Your resting heartrate will be lower (Bradycardia is the name given to a slow resting heart rate)
