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Physical Education > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Support, protection, movement, shape, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

What bone is located at the head/neck

A

Cranium and vertebrate

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3
Q

What bones are located at the shoulder

A

Scapula and humerus

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4
Q

Bones located at chest

A

Ribs and sternum

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5
Q

What bones are located at the elbow

A

Humerus radius and ulna

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6
Q

What bones are located at the hip

A

Pelvis, femur

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7
Q

What bones are located at the knee

A

Femur tibia patella

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8
Q

What bones are located at the ankle

A

Tibia fibula and talus

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9
Q

What movements occurs at a ball and socket joint

A

Abduction and adduction

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10
Q

What movements occur at a hinge joint

A

Flexion and extension

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11
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening of the muscle

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12
Q

What is concentric contraction

A

Shortening of the muscle

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13
Q

What is an Agonist

A

Muscle or group of muscles responsible for movement

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14
Q

What are antagonist muscles

A

Muscles that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist. They work in antagonistic pairs

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15
Q

What is a tendon

A

Very strong cords that join the muscle to the bone

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16
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibres that are attached to the bones and link joints together

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17
Q

What are the jobs of the bicep and tricep

A

Any arm movement such as throwing

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18
Q

What are the jobs if hamstrings and quadriceps

A

Moments of the legs such as running and kicking

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19
Q

What’s the job of a deltoid

A

Allow shoulder movement used a lot in swimming

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20
Q

What is the job of the trapezius

A

Helps keep the shoulder in position used in a football throw-in also rotator cuffs

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21
Q

What is the job if the latissimus dorsi

A

Allows Shoulder movement backwards, forwards, up and down

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22
Q

What is the job of the pectoral muscle

A

At the front of the upper chest often used in throwing actions such as the javelin

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23
Q

What’s the role of the abdominals

A

Used to allow bending and turning of the trunk section very important Stabilising muscles relating to core strength

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24
Q

What is the bursae

A

Sacks of fluid which reduce friction

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25
What does cartilage do
Tough but flexible smooth elastic tissue which prevents friction and stops bones from rubbing together
26
What is a joint capsule's job
Encloses/supports
27
What does a synovial fluid do
Lubricates the joint
28
What is a synovial joint
An area of the body where two or more bones meet to allow a range of movements
29
What is synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
30
during inspiration what does the diaphragm do
the diaphragm contracts
31
during expiration what does the diaphragm do
the diaphragm relaxes
32
Summary if gaseous exchange
-O2 breathed in goes through ALVEOLI and into red blood cells in the capillaries then the O2 COMBINES with HAEMOGLOBIN forming oxyhaemoglobin, ENZYME BREAKS down CO2 and turns it into a gas then the CO2 passes through the ALVEOLI into the red blood cells in the capillaries
33
H
N
34
G
A
35
A
A
36
what is tidal volume
the volume of air inspired or expired
37
what is inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume
38
what is expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume
39
what is residual volume
the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
40
mechanics of breathing
there is an interaction of the intercostal muscles, ribs and the diaphragm, making air breathed in and out of the lungs
41
the cardiac cycle step 1
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava deprived of O2 and has a lot of waste products such as CO2
42
the cardiac cycle step 2
the right atrium pumps the blood into the right ventricle through the bicuspid valve which opens due to the pressure and closes to prevent back flow
43
the cardiac cycle step 3
the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is deposited. at the same time the O2 is collected in the blood what is
44
the cardiac cycle step 4
from the lungs the blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
45
the cardiac cycle step 5
left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle the blood then leaves through the aorta to go to the rest of the body
46
what are the three types of blood vessels
Arteries Veins Capillaries
47
Properties of Arteries
- thick elasticated walls - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart - high pressure - no valves - they sub-dive into smaller vessels called arterioles
48
Properties of Veins
- carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart - thinner walls than arteries - less elastic walls than arteries - have valves to stop the back flow of blood
49
Properties of Capillaries
- walls are one cell thick | - allow CO2 and O2 and waste products to pass through their thin walls
50
what is the cardiac formula
cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
51
what is cardiac output
the amount of blood which is ejected from the heart in one minute
52
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
53
what is heart rate
the number of times the heart beats measured in BPM
54
what is diastolic blood pressure
when the heart is relaxing
55
what is embolism
blockage of a blood vessel
56
what is Haemoglobin
the substance which transports O2 and CO2
57
what is Hypertension
high blood pressure in the arteries
58
what is Systolic blood pressure
when the heart is contracting
59
what is Vasoconstriction
narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow. when arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered in inactive areas
60
what is Vasodilation
widening on the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow when the arteries dilate during exercise to increase blood flow to active areas, increasing their O2 supply
61
anaerobic equation
glucose ---> energy + lactic acid
62
aerobic equation
glucose + oxygen ---> energy + carbon dioxide + water
63
what is anaerobic respiration
respiration in the absence of oxygen | this is used in short periods of exercise: 100m sprint
64
what is aerobic respiration
respiration in the presence of oxygen | this is when the body is exercising for long periods of time.
65
what does EPOC stand for
Excess post oxygen consumption
66
what is EPOC
- occurs during anaerobic exercise, cus your body runs out of sufficient O2 supply, glycogen stores are used as alternative energy supply. - lactic acid builds up in working muscles - Oxygen debt is the additional oxygen consumption which is required at rest - why you breath heavily after a sprint to repay the O2 debt
67
what does cool down do in the recovery process
allows lactic acid to disperse safely maintain elevated breathing rate and heart rate include stretching in cool down
68
what does manipulation of diet do in the recovery process
ensuring you re-hydrate | advisable to take on carbohydrates as additional energy source
69
what do ice baths/massage do in the recovery process
prevents delayed on set muscle soreness (DOMS) | a massage in particular increases blood flow to specific area
70
immediate effects of exercise
- feeling hotter than at rest - increase in depth and frequency of breathing (14-16 breaths/ minute at rest) - increased levels of sweating - increased heart rate (72 BPM at rest)
71
short term effects of exercise
- increased tiredness or fatigue - feeling light headed - nausea - aching or DOMS - cramp
72
long term effects of exercise
- body shape change (losing weight) - improvements to specific components of fitness - building muscle strength - improved muscular endurance (could reduce short term effects of fatigue) - improved speed
73
what is a cramp
a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle group or muscle
74
what is fatigue
extreme tiredness physically or mentally due to a build up of lactic acid
75
what is stamina
the ability to exert yourself and keep active for long periods of time
76
what is suppleness
another word for flexibility (same definition)
77
what is hypertrophy
the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increased size of its cells
78
what is Bradycardia
the heart beating very slowly at rest, or blow 60 BPM

Physical Education (8 decks)

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