Applied anatomy and physiology - Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
To learn the joints, muscles and movement patterns - the structure, function and nervous stimulation of a motor unit, muscle fibre recruitment and components of slow oxidative, afst oxidative glycolitic and fast glycolitic (78 cards)
1
Q
What is the importance of the skeleton?
A
Gives protection for internal organs, it is a site for blood cell production and mineral stores
2
Q
What do synovial joints allow?
A
Free movement
3
Q
What are the common features of synovial joints?
A
- Ligament
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Bursa
4
Q
What is the structure of a ligament?
A
Tough band - connective tissue
5
Q
what is the function of a ligament?
A
Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints
6
Q
What is the structure of synovial fluid?
A
Lubricating fluid within joint cavity
7
Q
what is the function of synovial fluid?
A
Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
8
Q
what is the structure of articular cartilage?
A
Smooth tissue on the surface of articulating bones
9
Q
What is the function of articular cartilage?
A
absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
10
Q
What is the structure of a joint capsule?
A
Fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
11
Q
What is the function of a joint capsule?
A
encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
12
Q
What is the structure of a bursa?
A
a closed, fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
13
Q
What is the function of a bursa?
A
Reduces friction between tendons and bones
14
Q
what is a joint?
A
an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement
15
Q
What is a plane of movement?
A
A description of the Three dimensional movements at a joint
16
Q
What is movement pattern?
A
a description of the actions that take place at a joint
17
Q
What are the three planes of movement?
A
- transverse (upper/lower)
- Sagittal (left/right)
- Frontal(front/back)
18
Q
What movement pattern occurs at each plane of movement?
A
- transverse (horizontal extension, horizontal flexion, rotation)
- sagittal (hyper-extension, extension, flexion, dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion)
- frontal (adduction/abduction)
19
Q
What is rotation?
A
articulating bones turn around heir longitudinal axis
20
Q
Where is a condyloid joint found?
A
At the wrist
21
Q
Where is a hinge joint found?
A
At the knee and elbow
22
Q
Where is a ball and socket joint found?
A
At the shoulder and hip
23
Q
Where is a pivot joint found?
A
radio-ulnar joint
24
Q
where is a gliding joint found?
A
At the spine
25
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
The create movement
26
What is an origin?
The point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone and stays relatively fixed during movement
27
What is an insertion?
The point where a muscle attaches to a move-able bone and gets closer to the origin during movement
28
What is an agonist?
The muscle that shortens to create movement - known as the prime mover
29
What is the antagonist?
The muscles that co-ordinates with the agonist and lengthens during contractions to provide resistance
30
what is an antagonistic muscle action?
A paired muscle action where the agonist shortens to create movement and the antagonist provides resistance in co-ordination to the agonist
31
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the wrist?
```
Agonist = wrist extensors
Antagonist = wrist extensors
```
32
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the elbow?
```
Agonist = bicep brachii
Antagonist = tricep brachii
```
33
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the shoulder?
```
Agonist = anterior deltoid
Antagonist = posterior deltoid
```
34
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the hip?
```
Agonist = Iliopsoas
Antagonist = Gluteus maximus
```
35
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the knee?
```
Agonist = bicep femoris
Antagonist = rectus femoris
```
36
What is the agonist/antagonist found at the ankle?
```
Agonist = Tibialis anterior
Antagonist = Gastrocnemius and soleus
```
37
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
When a muscle changes length during contraction
38
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
When a muscle stays the same length when contracting
39
Give two examples of an isometric muscle contraction:
1. plank ( rectus abdominals contract) posture is maintained by muscle isometrically contracting
2. biceps brachii contract when holding a free weight in one hand
40
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
muscle shortens during contraction and pulls two bones closer together (upwards phase)
41
What rule must you remember during movement analysis and eccentric contractions?
Flip the agonist and antagonist muscle. For example during the downward phase of a bicep curl, the tricep brachii becomes the agonist and the biceps brachii eccentrically contract becoming the antagonist
42
What is an eccentric contraction?
muscle lengthens during contraction and resists against gravity (downwards phase)
43
What does DOMS stand fro?
Delayed onset-muscle soreness
44
What are the articulating bones and tendons at the ankle?
Tibia(big) Fibua (small) Talus and achilles tendons
45
What is the agonist and antagonist of a dorsi-felxion?
```
agonist = tibialis anterior
antagonist = gastrocnemius and soleus
```
46
what is the agonist and antagonist of a planter flexion?
```
agonist = gastrocnemius and soleus
antagonist = tibialis anterior
```
47
What are the articulating bones at the knee?
Femur, and tibia
48
What are the muscles (bicep femoris) used for flexion of the knee called?
1. bicep femoris
2. semitendonosus
3. semimembranosus
* hamstring group
49
what are the muscles within the hamstring group?
1. bicep femoris
2. semitendonosus
3. semimembranosus
50
What are the muscles (rectus femoris) used for extension of the knee called?
1. rectus femoris
2. vastus intermedius
3. vastus lateralis
4. vastus medialis
* quadriceps group
51
what are the articulating bones at the hip?
pelvic girdle and femur
52
What is the agonist for extension of the hip?
sacrum (posterior)
53
What are the agonists for hip abduction?
1. abductor longus
2. abductor brevis
3. abductor magnus
54
what are the agonists for hip extension?
Gluteus medius and minimus
55
What are the articulating bones of the shoulder?
Humerus and scapula
56
What muscles are responsible for adduction and abduction of the shoulder?
```
Adduction = middle deltoid
Abduction = latissimus dorsi
```
57
What muscles are responsible for horizontal flexion and extension of the shoulder?
Horizontal flexion = pectoralis major
| Horizontal extension = posterior deltoid
58
what muscles are responsible for medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder?
Medial rotation = teres minor and subscapularis
| Lateral rotation = teres minor and infraspinatous
59
what are the articulating bones at the elbow?
ulna, radius, humerous
60
what are the articulating bones at the wrist?
radius, ulna and carpals
61
What are motor neurons?
Nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibres
62
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all its muscle fibres
63
What is the use of a motor unit?
To send nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibres to initiate movement
64
What is an action potential?
A postive electrical charge within the nerve and muscle cells which carries the nerve impulse down the axon to the end of the neuron and to its muscle fibres
65
What are the functional characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres (slow oxidative)?
```
Fast = slow muscle contraction
Force = low force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = high resistance to fatigue
A/AN = high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity
```
66
What are the structural characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres (slow oxidative)?
```
Caps = high capillary density
Colour = red
Stores = high mitochondria density, high myoglobin content, low PC stores
```
67
What are the functional characteristics of type 2a msucle fibres ( fast oxidative glycolytic)?
```
Fast = fast muscle contraction
Force = high force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = moderate/high resistance to fatigue
A/AN = moderate aerobic capacity, moderate aerobic capacity
```
68
What are the structural characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres (fast oxidative glycolytic)?
```
Caps = high capillary density
Colour = red
Stores = moderate mitochondria density, moderate myoglobin content, high PC stores
```
69
What are the functional characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres (fast glycolytic)?
```
Fast = fast muscle contraction
Force = high force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = Low resistance to fatigue
A/AN = High anaerobic capacity, low aerobic capacity
```
70
What are the structural characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres (fast glycolytic)?
```
Caps = low capillary density
Colour = white
Stores = low mitochondria density. low myoglobin content, high PC stores
```
71
What are the sporting applications of slow oxidative muscle fibres?
Endurance athletes such as marathon runners, triathlons and cross-country skiing
72
What are the sporting applications of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
High-intensity athletes such as 800-1500m runners, 200m freestyle swimming
73
What are the sporting applications of fast glycolytic msucle fibres?
Explosive athletes such as 100m sprinters, log jumpers and javelin throwers
74
How would you combine motor units to muscle fibre types in terms of SO?
SO have a small neuron size which stimulates small muscle fibres which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time, which resistis fatigue
75
How would you combine motor units to muscle fibre types in terms of FOG?
FOG have a large neuron size which stimulates relatively large muscle fibres which provide a large amount of force and because of moderate levels of mitochrondria and myoglobin the msucle fibres can resist to fatigue
76
How woudl you comdine motor units to msucle fibre types in terms of FG?
FG have a large neuron size which stimulates large muscle fibres which produces a large amount of force rapidly, but fatigues quickly
77
How do we recruit muscle fibres when running?
In a ladder system
78
What is work:relief ratio?
the volume of relief period in relation to the volume of work period
