Applied Psychology Module Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is Intergroup Contact theory?
Proposes that bringing together members of opposing groups can reduce intergroup conflict ‘under optimal conditions’ by reducing prejudice.
What are proposed benefits of the Intergroup Contact theory?
Reducing prejudice, reducing intergroup anxiety, improving trust, improving intergroup warmth and empathy
What are the optimal conditions of the intergroup contact theory?
- Equal status between group members
- Encouraging cooperation and promote a common goal
- be normative (institutional support)
- High acquaintance potential (potential to develop friendships)
What is Group Salience?
for positive individual contact to improve overall group attitudes, the individual needs to be seen as a typical member of their out-group.
What are aspects of Majority group perception?
- majority group members aciety in intergroup contact primarily stems from appearing prejudiced.
- intergroup contact seems to have a stronger effect on majority group members leading to reduced outgroup prejudice and intergroup anxiety
What are aspects of Minority Group perception?
- Intergroup contact often has a weaker effect on the minority group.
- Minority group members are more concerned about: Discrimination, Status reaffirmation and Microaggressions
What is the emergent social norm theory?
Sociological framework explaining how new social norms arise randomly within a crows, leading to behaviours that might not be present otherwise.
What is the social identity model on collective action (SIMCA)?
Proposes that group identification, perceived injustice and group efficacy are key predictors of collective action.
What are factors of crowd behaviour?
- Focus on one event in short timespan
- Real-time focus on the behaviour
- Retrospective actions
What are factors of Collective action?
- Campaigners take place over longer time frame
- Planned Behaviour
- Stable influences, attitudes and morals
What does organisational psychology Address?
- Focus on organisational context
- Practical applications
- Theoretical Foundations
What is leadership?
A process of social influence through which an individual enlists and mobilises the aid of others in their attainment of the collective goal
In terms of leadership perspectives what are personality traits?
Attributes effective leadership to innate or acquired individual characteristics
In terms of leadership what are situational perspectives?
Anyone can lead given the right circumstances. Leadership reflects task/situational demands rather than personality alone
What do Autocratic leaders do?
Give direct orders to followers
What do Democratic leaders do?
Consult followers and seek consensus
What do Laissez-Faire leaders do?
Show minimal involvement with followers
What are the Criterion related validations for employment?
- Analyse the Job
- Define success
- Select predictors
- Collect data
- Establish the link
- Set hiring rules
What are selection tools used by employers?
Written materials, interviews, Cognitive test, personality test, work sample, Problem solving and assessment centre
What is Psychometrics?
The area of psychology dedicated to the development and application tools for measuring psychological traits, abilities and behaviours
What are the two types of Psychometric tests?
Cognitive (General intelligence, verbal and numerical)
Personality (Normal range and Abnormal functioning)
What are common forms of personality test?
NEO-PI-3 (NEO Personality Inventory 3)
MPQ (Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire)
CPI (California Personality Inventory)
16PF (16 Personality Factors)
What is an Assessment centre?
A centre allowing for a realistic job simulation, can last several days.
Often for high aptitude roles such as pilot. Allows the identifying and screening of candidates through multidimensional evaluation.
What are important figures in educational psychology?
Herbert - Formal steps of learning
Witmer - evidence based interventions
Binet - Intelligence test
Piaget - Cognitive development
