Social Psychology Module Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of Intergroup Relations defined as?
A
How different social groups interact with and relate to each other
2
Q
What is Social Psychology?
A
Explores how human thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by social contexts, including group membership and collective behaviour
3
Q
What is Applied Psychology?
A
Applying and demonstrating how psychological principles can be applied to real world challenges
4
Q
What is Social Cognition?
A
How people select, construct, remember and use social information to make judgment and decisions
5
Q
What is a Schema?
A
The representation of knowledge about a concept
6
Q
What is a Person-Schema?
A
Knowledge structure about specific people
7
Q
What are Scripts?
A
Schema’s about events
8
Q
What is a Role-Schema?
A
Knowledge about role occupants
9
Q
What is a Self-Schema?
A
A Schema about yourself
10
Q
What is a Trait-Schema?
A
Knowledge structure about trait attributes
11
Q
What is a Group Schema?
A
Knowledge about a specific group (Stereotype)
12
Q
What is a Content free Schema?
A
A Schema about how the world works (Casual Schema)
13
Q
What is an example of a Trait Schema?
A
Central Traits: Concepts that have a disproportionate influence on impressions of others e.g. He was considered a warm considerate person
14
Q
How is a Schema acquired?
A
Through exposure and encounters
15
Q
Complex Schema’s:
A
become more resilient and better at incorporating exceptions rather than disregarding contradictory information
16
Q
What do Schemas help with?
A
Help to create a sense of order, structure and coinherences in our social world but are often hard to change.
17
Q
What is Book Keeping?
A
A slow change of a Schema in the face of accumulating evidence
18
Q
What is Conversion?
A
Sudden and Massive change in a Schema once a critical mass of disconfirming evidence has been accumulated
19
Q
What is Subtyping?
A
Schema morphs into a subcategory to accommodate disconfirming evidence
20
Q
What is a Self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
People have a expectation about what another person is like which
A) influences how they act towards the person, which
B) causes that person to behave consistently with the persons original perception
21
Q
What is the Perseverance effect?
A
The finding that people’s beliefs about themselves and the social world persist even after the evidence supporting these beliefs is discredited.
22
Q
What is Attribution Theory?
A
Explores how individuals and groups percieve the causes of events and behaviours
23
Q
What are the four Giants of Attribution Theory?
A
- Heider’s Naive Psychology (1958)
- Jones and Davis Correspondent Inference Theory
- C. Kelley’s Covariation
- Weiner’s Attribution Theory
24
Q
What are the main factors of Heider’s Naive Psychology?
A
That people are amateur scientists trying to make sense of the world and making causal assumptio
25
What are internal and External attributions, (Heider)?
Internal: Assigning the cause of our own behaviour or others behaviors to internal or dispositional factors.
External: Assigning the cause of our own or others behaviour to external or environmental causes.
26
What are Correspondence inferences?
Causal inferences of behaviour to underlying disposition
27
What are Correspondence Theory cues?
Act was freely chosen, Act produced a non-common effect (act reflects some 'true' characteristics of the person), Act was not socially desirable, Act has a direct impact on us and Act seemed intended to affect us.
28
What is the Covariation model?
Theory that explain how people make causal attributions to understand the reasons behind behaviour based on three key criteria, Distinctiveness, Consensus and Consistency (Students falling asleep in class).
29
What is Correspondence Bias?
The tendency to infer that people's behaviour corresponds to their disposition (personality).
30
What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Bias is attributing another's behaviour more to internal factors than to situation causes. Overemphasising personality traits
31
What is the Actor-Observer effect?
The tendency to make the Fundamental Attribution error more with others than with ourselves.
32
What are the three motives of Self-conception?
Self assessment, Self Verification and Self Enhancement
33
What are the characteristics of The Self?
Physical Characteristics
Social Identity (memberships to social groups)
Personality traits (Specific + stable personality characteristics)
Relational ( specific relationships to others)
34
What is Self Complexity Theory?
People Differ in the degree of complexity of these selves.
Complexity is positively related to the number and independence of the selves
35
What is Self-Discrepancy Theory?
People are motivated to reach a state where their actual self matches their guide-self
Discrepancies can provide guidance
Discrepancy can also produce specific types of negative affect
36
What are the three self's of Self Discrepancy Theory?
Actual Self - how we currently are
Ideal Self - How we would like to be
'Ought' Self - How we think we should be
37
What are the three components of the Self-Evaluation maintenance theory?
1. Relative Performance
2. Closeness
3. Importance of the Domain
38
What are Attitudes?
Either positive or negative, state evaluations of people, objects and ideas
39
What are useful functions of attitudes?
1. Saves cognitive energy: Don't have to waste time or energy thinking about how we feel about about a situation or object
2. Utilitarian function: merely posing an attitude is helpful to provide an orientation towards something
40
What are the Three components of Attitude?
1. Cognitive-based attitudes (thought component): Primarily based on peoples beliefs about the properties of an attitude object
2. Affective-based attitudes (Feeling component) - based more on peoples feelings and values than on their belief about the nature of an object
3. Behaviorally-based attitudes (Action component): an attitude based on the observations of how one behaves towards and attitude object.
41
What are Cognitive Attitudes?
Attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about a one's self or others
42
What are affective attitudes?
Attitudes about a situation, person or object often acquired due to previous experience e.g. conditioning
43
What is Classical Conditioning?
Learning through Association
44
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning in which behaviours become more or less probable depending on their consequences
45
What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Theory that behaviour is shaped by Intention and Actual behavioural control which are shaped by Behavioural beliefs (Attitude towards the behaviour), Normative Beliefs (Subjective Norms) and Control beliefs (Perceived Behavioural Control)
46
What are Explicit Attitudes?
Explicitly endorsed and can be easily endorsed, are rooted more in recent experience
47
What are Implicit Attitudes?
Involuntary, Uncontrollable and unconscious evaluations often rooted in childhood experiences.
48
What is the Yale Attitude Approach?
A framework in social psychology that examines the conditions under which persuasive messages are most likely to lead to attitude change
49
What are the Key Points of the Yale Attitude Approach
Who, What and Whom
Who - The person communicating the point is credible and persuasive
What - The nature and timing of the message, two sided argument works better than one-sided
Whom - To whom the communicator is communicating
50
What is a Fear Appeal?
A persuasive tactic that uses fear or the prospects of negative consequences to persuade a audience.
51
What is the Sleeper Effect?
Information about the communicator decays faster the information about the message. Low credibility messages are often remembered better over longer periods of time
52
What is Attitude Inoculation?
A technique were people are exposed to weakened versions of arguments about their beliefs, making them more resistant to stronger, future arguments against their beliefs.
53
What are four important influences to Resisting Peer Pressure?
Situation
Emotions (Fear of Rejection)
Values ( Desire for independence)
Inoculation through preparation (Conversation: what can you do, role Playing
54
What is the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Feeling of discomfort that arises by holding two or more inconsistently cognitions and subsequently defined as being caused by performing an action that is discredpany from ones customary, typically positive self-conception and is most intense when self esteem is at risk.
55
What are Social norms?
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable behaviour, values and beliefs of its members.
56
What is Conformity?
Changing ones behaviour due to the real or imagined influence of others. Conformity is joining in the behaviours and attitudes of a group.
57
What is Private Acceptance?
belief that what others are saying or doing is right. Often results in both attitude and behaviour change.
58
What are the two kinds of Conformity?
Informational Societal Conformity (Private Acceptance): Conforming to others behaviour out of the genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
Normative Social Influence (Public Compliance): Conforming publicly without necessary believing in what the group is doing or saying.
59
What is Social Impact Theory?
States that the influence exerted by a source on a target depends on three key stimulus: Strength, Immediacy/Distance and Number
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What are Idiosyncrasy Credits?
The Social "credit" gained by conforming, which can later allow some deviation without group disapproval
61
What is the Minority Influence?
The case where a minority group member influences the behaviours of the majority.
62
What are ways the minority can influence the majority?
Informational Social influence: presenting new perspectives
Introducing new + surprising information: challenges existing views.
Encouraging critical thinking: Forces the majority to reconsider their position carefully
63
What are the three mechanisms for facilitating obeideince?
1. Adherence to wrong norm
2. Self justification
3. Loss of personal responsibility
64
In Zajonc's Cockroach study what effect did the audience have?
The presence of other cockroaches impaired performance when task was unpracticed but facilitated better performance when the task was unpracticed.
65
What is the Ringelmann Effect?
The tendency of individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as group membership increases. Group of 4 works best
66
What is Entitativity?
The degree to which a group is perceived as a coherent and meaningful whole. Describes the "groupness" of a social unit.
67
What are high entitativity groups?
Groups with clear boundaries that are internally well structured and relatively homogenous.
68
What are low entitativity groups?
Fuzzy boundaries and less internal structure and are relatively heterozygous.
69
What is Deindividuation?
A loss of Self-Awareness
70
What are the two focuses of the Model of the Process of Group Socialisation?
1. How Individuals change to fit into the group
2. How new members can be a source of Innovation.
71
What are the ABC components of Stereotypes and Prejudice?
Affective, Behavioural and Cognition
72
What is Interpersonal Discrimination?
Differential treatment by individuals towards some groups and their members
73
What is Institutional Discrimination?
Involves policies and contexts that enact, create, rectify and maintain inequality.
74
What is a stereotype (Group Schema)?
A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among members
75
What is a prejudice?
A hostile or negative attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership to the group
76
What is the two step process of Stereotype activation?
1. Automatic Processing: Stereotypes are automatically activated in the presence of a member or symbol of stigmatised group
2. Controlled Processing: If the person becomes aware of these thoughts and is motivated they can suppress or override stereotype.
77
What is the Stereotype Content Model?
A theory that proposes that stereotypes and intergroup impressions are formed along two key axis, warmth and competence (Paternalistic and Envious stereotype and Disgust and Admiration).
78
What is Conversion?
Sudden and Massive change once a critical mass of disconfirming evidence is accumulated
79
What is a Social Dilemma?
A situation that creates a conflict between the individuals interests and the collectives interests, such that the individual obtains better outcomes following strategies that over time will lead to suboptimal outcomes for the group.
80
What is Game Theory?
A Theoretical framework for conceiving social situations among competing players
81
What is a Commons Dilemma?
A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused.
82
What is the First requirement for trust evolution?
Repeat interactions - trust sustains relationships, but the possibility of future interactions must exist first
83
What is the Second requirement for trust evolution?
Possible wins-wins - Must play non-zero-sum-games were both players can potentially benefit
84
What is the Third requirement for trust evolution?
Low Miscommunication - Too much miscommunication destroys trust, some miscommunication requires greater forgiveness.
85
What are the Strengths of the Game theory simulation?
Behavioural Prediction: Allows simulation of 'trusting' behaviour and consequences over repeated engagements
Pattern recognition: Reveals Emergent strategies that succeed in different environments
Simplified analysis: Reduces complex interactions to measurable dynamics
86
What are the weaknesses of the Game Theory Simulation?
Rational choice assumption: Presumes players always make optimal decision based on self-interest
LImited External Validity: Struggles to account for real word context, emotions and social norms
Oversimplification
87
What is the Trucking Game?
Game where there are two truck drivers, there is a single straight road or two windy ones. Both truck drivers control a gate on the bridge, the aim is to meet a mutual agreement through discussion and cooperation.
88
What is Realistic Conflict Theory?
The idea that limited resources leads to conflict between groups and results in increased prejudice and discrimination
89
What are the two dynamics of Ingroup Identification?
Ingroup Favoritism and Outgrip Bias
90
What is ingroup Favouritism?
members of one's own group are seen more positive, more likely to support group ingroup members than outgroup members
91
What is Outgroup Bias?
Outgroup members are seen as less than ingroup members. Overall negative attitudes towards outgroup members, Actively discriminate against outgroup members
92
What is Group think?
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more than considering the facts in a realistic matter
93
What is Outgroup Homogeneity Bias?
The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as all alike or more to similar to each other than members of the ingroup
94
What is Applied Psychology?
Focuses on using scientific psychological knowledge to address real world problems in various fields.
95
What are Descriptive Research Methods?
Observations, Surveys, Interviews, Focus groups and Epidemiological methods
96
What are Manipulative Research Methods?
Experiments, Quasi-experiments, Randomised trials, Interventions.
97
What is Contingency Theory?
Effective leadership is contingent on the situation. Some styles are better suited to some situations than others
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