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Flashcards in Apportionment Deck (29)
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1
Q

Apportionment problem

A

Congress seats are given in whole numbers. Need to determine method for rounding standard quotas into whole numbers so the sum of the numbers is the total of allocated items.

2
Q

Lower quota

A

Standard quota rounded down to nearest whole number.

3
Q

Upper quota

A

Standard quota rounded up to nearest whole number.

4
Q

Standard divisor

A

Found by dividing total population by number of items to be allocated.

5
Q

Standard quota

A

Found by dividing that groups population by the standard divisor.

6
Q

Hamilton’s method of apportionment

A

1- calculate each group’s standard quota
2-round each standard quota Down to nearest whole # (finding lower quota)
3-give the surplus items, one at a time, to groups with largest decimal parts in standard quota

7
Q

Quota rule

A

A group’s apportionment should be either its upper quota or its lower quota. An apportionment method that guarantees that this will always occur is said to satisfy the quota rule

8
Q

Jefferson’s method

A

1- find modified divisor.

2- apportion each group its modified lower quota

9
Q

Adam’s method

A

Begin with a modified divisor that is slightly greater than standard divisor.

  • modified quotas are rounded up and are called modified upper quotas.
  • apportion to each group its modified upper quota
10
Q

Websters method

A

Modified divisor can be less than, greater than or equal to standard divisor.

11
Q

Hamilton’s divisor

A

Standard divisor = total population
Divided by number if allocated items.
Apportionment= round each standard quota down to nearest whole number. Initially give each group its lower quota. Give surplus items to groups with largest decimal.

12
Q

Jefferson’s divisor

A

Modified divisor is less than the standard divisor.

Apportionment- round each group’ modified quota down to nearest whole number. Apportion to each group’s lower quota.

13
Q

Adams’s divisor

A

Modified divisor is greater than standard divisor.
Apportionment- round each group’s modified quota UP to nearest whole number. Apportion to each group’s modified upper quota.

14
Q

Webster’s divisor

A

Modified divisor may be less, greater or equal to standard divisor.
Round each group to nearest whole number. Apportion to each group to its modified rounded quota.

15
Q

Huntington Hill method

A

Apportion method currently being used in US house of representatives.

16
Q

Alabama paradox

A

An increase in total number of items to be apportioned results in loss of an item for a group.

17
Q

Population paradox

A

Group A loses items to group B, even though population of group A grew at faster rate than group B.

18
Q

New states paradox

A

Addition of new group changes apportionment of other groups.

19
Q

Balinski and Young’s impossibility theorem

A

No perfect apportionment. Any apportion method that does not violate quota rule must produce paradoxes. And vice versa.

20
Q

Which method of apportionment might produce the Alabama paradox?

A

Hamilton’s

21
Q

Which methods of apportionment may not satisfy the quota rule? (3)

A

Jefferson, Adams, Websters

22
Q

Which method of apportionment may produce the population paradox? (1)

A

Hamilton

23
Q

Which method of apportionment may produce the new-states paradox? (1)

A

Hamilton

24
Q

In the house of representatives, which apportionment methods favor large states? (2)

A

Hamilton and Jefferson

25
Q

In house of representatives, which method of apportionment favors small states? (2)

A

Adams and Webster

26
Q

Hamilton’s apportionment method produces Which paradoxes?

A

Alabama paradox, population paradox, new state paradox.

Only rule that Hamilton’s does not break is the Quota Rule.

27
Q

Jefferson’s apportionment method violates which paradoxes?

A

None- only may violate the quota rule.

28
Q

Jefferson, Adams and Webster’s apportionment methods Violates which paradoxes?

A

None. They only violate Quota rule.

29
Q

Quota rule is only satisfied by Which method of Apportionment?

A

Hamilton’s method