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(OMS1) PCM II Final > Approach to Pediatric Immunizations > Flashcards

Approach to Pediatric Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease & protect them from that disease

initiates the immunization process

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2
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

starting the process of giving a vaccine into body that results in immunity

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3
Q

How can you give a vaccine?

A

needle or nose

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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

person is protected from getting a disease (via humor or cell immune system) by receiving a vaccine or previously having the disease

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5
Q

What is immunization?

A

person is immune or resistant to a disease

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6
Q

What are the 2 main benefits of vaccination?

A

individual immunity

herd immunity

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7
Q

What is community immunity?

A

even people who are unvaccinated, they will be protected from a disease if a certain % of rest of population is vaccinated/immune to that disease

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8
Q

How do disease outbreaks tend to occur?

A

community vaccination rates drop below threshold of herd immunity

people who do not get vaccinations tend to live together

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9
Q

When do people receive the most vaccines?

A

in first 2 years of life (most vulnerable time period)

most concentrated series of vaccines

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10
Q

What is a major reason for vaccination?

A

one of most cost-effective clinical preventive services

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11
Q

What is active immunization?

A

when an antigen is administered to host

induces formation of antibodies (humoral) & cell-mediated immunity (T cells)

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12
Q

What are the desirable features of an ideal immunogen?

A

complete prevention of disease

prevention of carrier state of disease

prolonged immunity w/ fewest immunizations

absence of toxicity

suitability for mass immunization (cheap & easy to give)

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13
Q

Why is active immunization preferable to passive?

A

active immunization almost always lasts longer than passive

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14
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

transfer of immunity to a host using pre-formed immunologic products (immunoglobulins or products of cellular immune system)

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15
Q

When is passive immunization useful?

A

individuals unable to form ABs

prevent of disease post-exposure

treat of disease prevented by immunization (tetanus)

treatment for conditions when active immunization is unavailable or impractical (snake bite!)

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16
Q

What are complications of human ABs?

A

transient hypotension & pruritis, occasional hypersensitivity rxn

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17
Q

What are complications of animal ABs?

A

anaphylaxis b/c serum sickness

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18
Q

What is required before using animal ABs?

A

must test for hypersensitivity to animal serum prior to administration

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19
Q

How long do exog Abs last?

A

human IgG lasts 23 days & animal IgGs last 5-7days

20
Q

What are credible internet resources for vaccine information & recommendations?

A

CDC (cdc.gov)

Red Book

21
Q

What vaccine best stimulates immune responses?

A

vaccines w/ sub-unit antigens (w/ the parts that are the best stimulators)

22
Q

What are conj vaccines?

A

pathogens are surrounded by polysaccharide to increase immunogenic power

23
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

version of microbe weakened in lab

stronger mucosal immunity develops but may have some minor side effects

24
Q

What are contraindications of live attenuated vaccines?

A

person is immunocompromised OR if have received blood products in recent past (affects immunogenicity)

25
Q

What are inactivated/killed vaccines?

A

pathogen is killed but immunogenicity is retained

26
Q

What are inactivated toxin vaccines?

A

for diseases that are caused by toxin produced from bacteria

toxin is inactivated but bacteria still stimulates immune response

27
Q

What 2 factors determine when a vaccine will be given?

A

when body’s immune system will work best

balanced w/ need to provide protection to infants & children @ earliest age possible

28
Q

When is the only time you would give a vaccine early?

A

only w/ a specific CDC mandate (if outbreak of disease)

29
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for influenza?

A

yearly vaccine (1 dose if over 9 & 2 doses for 6month-9yo)

important for very young, very old & chronically ill pts

30
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for meningococcal vaccines?

A

2 conjugate vaccines that protect v 4 strains

2 non-conj vaccines that protect v strain B of meningitis

31
Q

When is a non-conj, 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine used?

A

for high risk pts w/ chronic lung disease, chronic cardiac/renal/liver disease, diabetes, immunocompromising conditions

32
Q

What is Hib vaccine used for?

A

Hib was leading cause of bactermia, meningitis & epiglottitis

33
Q

When is the HepB vaccine series started?

A

infections in newborn results in chronic carrier state

34
Q

What do HepB & HepA cause?

A

acute & chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma & death

35
Q

What is DTaP vaccine used for?

A

protects v diphtheria (causes respiratory obstruction) & whooping cough & tetanus

36
Q

What is tetanus?

A

causes severe muscle spasms provoked by neurotoxin that can progress to respiratory failure

37
Q

What is the type of polio vaccine used in US?

A

use of IPV in US b/c polio has mostly been eradicated

38
Q

What do the HPV vaccines protect against?

A

protect against 2 most common HPV types (16 & 18 that cause cervical cancer)

39
Q

What does the MMR & varicella vaccines protect against?

A

measles, mumps, rubella & varicella

give 2 doses of both vaccines @ 12 months & 4-6yo (live virus)

has largely caused decline in these diseases

40
Q

What is the risk assoc w/ the rotavirus vaccine?

A

live virus so small risk of intussusception

vaccine requires 2 to 3 doses

41
Q

Why has there been a rise in measles?

A

resurgence due to globalization & vaccine hesitancy

42
Q

How do pockets of disease tend to develop?

A

globalization leads to people bringing disease to new area where those are under-vaccinated

43
Q

What is an endemic?

A

a disease occurs @ a predictable & constant rate in population

44
Q

What are the 4 myths about vaccines?

A

MMR causes autism

people w/ egg allergy cannot get the flu vaccine

vaccines cause the disease

not getting immunizations decreases overall lifetime risk for child

45
Q

What is important about giving vaccines?

A

education!!

risk of getting disease from going thru life is much greater than the risk of a vaccine

(OMS1) PCM II Final (9 decks)

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