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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural approach

A

interested in studying observable behaviour
the idea that we learn through association and reinforcement

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association and pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response

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3
Q

Behaviourist approach - Pavlovs dogs

A

taught a dog to salivate from sound of a bell and by pairing it with the food , this produced a CR on a NS

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning is an active process where we operate on enviroment , we are more likely to repeat a behaviour it’s been reinforced

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5
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward - adding something pleasant which increases likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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6
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away something bad when behaviour is done - increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

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7
Q

Behaviourist approach - Skinners rats

A

everytime a lever was pressed a pellet was released , rats learnt this so pressed lever due to positive reinforcement

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8
Q

A03 - applications of OC

A

used in psychiatric wards in the form of token economies, a token is given every time a good behaviour is shown , these can be spent on privilege’s

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9
Q

A03 - skinners rats

A

rats not humans so can’t generalise
replicable
unethical

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10
Q

A03 - applications of CC

A

used in systematic desensitization in treatment of phobias

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11
Q

A03 - little albert

A

small sample
replicable
unethical

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12
Q

Behaviourist approach - Little Albert - CC

A

Albert wasn’t scared of rats but a loud sound played every time he played with a rat making him scared this shows learning through association

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13
Q

Humanitsic approach

A

emphasises importance of experience and free will in shaping our behaviour

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14
Q

self actualisation

A

the most perfect form of physical and mental health

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15
Q

Maslows hierachy- deficency needs

A

bottom 4 - we don’t necessarily think about them but when we don’t have them we really notice

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16
Q

5 tiers in Maslows hierachy- have to achieve lower levels to move up

A

physiological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self esteem
self actualisation

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17
Q

Rogers - unconditional positive regard

A

affection and love with no conditions
lead to positive self concept and congruence

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18
Q

Rogers - conditions of worth

A

limits and boundaries on when children receive love
leads to incongruence and negative self concept

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19
Q

Humanistic Approach a03 - weaknesses

A

untestable
uses western ideas - self actualisation

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20
Q

Elliot - research evidence on CCT

A

meta analysis of 86 studies comparing CCT and no treatment and found significant improvement in patients using CCT

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21
Q

Humanistic Approach a03 - strengths (3)

A
  • influence on counselling - CBT and CCT
  • hierarchy of needs applied to work place
  • holistic as puts behaviour down to many concepts
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22
Q

Rogers - congruence

A

for growth to be achieved must be congruence between ideal self and current self

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23
Q

Rogers - client centred therapy

A

patient takes a lead role in therapy
3 features had to be displayed
unconditional positive regard
empathy
genuineness

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24
Q

Biological approach

A

behaviour is a consequence of genetics, biological structures , neurochemistry and hormones
mind and brain are one and the same

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25
Q

Genotype

A

genes an individual posseses

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26
Q

Phenotype

A

genes that are expressed such as height and eye colour

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27
Q

MZ twins

A

share 100% DNA

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28
Q

DZ twins

A

share 50% DNA

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29
Q

Gottesman - Shizophrenia

A

looked at concordance rates of schizophrenia
MZ twins - 48%
shows genetics do play a role but so do other factors

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30
Q

A03 Biological approach - issues and debates

A

nature
deterministic
holistic

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31
Q

A03 Biological approach - alternative explanations

A

interactionist approach - genes make us vulnerable but illnesses are also a result of environment - Trauma

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32
Q

A03 Biological approach - implications

A

good for economy and individual
however ethical implications

33
Q

A03 Biological approach - applications

A

drug therapy ( SSri in OCD)
early diagnosis
however treats symptoms not causation

34
Q

A03 Biological approach - research (3)

A

labs - high control , high internal validity
objective ( Fmri)
correlation not causation?

35
Q

Biological approach - examples of hormones

A

adrenaline - fight or flight
melatonin - sleep

36
Q

Biological approach - examples of neurotransmitters

A

OCD - high dopamine , low seratonin
Schiz - high dopamine
depression - low seratonin

37
Q

Biological approach - examples of genes

A

COMPT and SERT gene prevalent in OCD

38
Q

Biological approach - examples of brain structures

A

CW and HM - damage to hippocampus impaired memory
OCD - leaky basal ganglia
Schiz- enlarged ventricles
Gage - damage to PFC led to personality changes

39
Q

SLT

A

copy behaviour we see and learn from watching others

40
Q

SLT - 4 mediational processes

A

attention , retention , reproduction , motivation

41
Q

SLT- Vicarious reinforcement

A

seeing someone be rewarded for a behaviour makes us more likely to do it

42
Q

SLT- Bobo doll experiment -

A

72 children in a room with a doll and teacher.
aggressive model - hit and punched the doll
non aggressive model - ignored doll did something else
aggressive model produced aggressive children
boys imitated men more
women more aggressive to male models

43
Q

A03 - SLT (5)

A
  • all research done in labs
  • ignores role of biology
  • applications of reducing negative role models on TV ( Fiji)
  • element of free will
  • takes cognitive factors into account - meditational processes
44
Q

Bobo Doll - A03 (4)

A
  • matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness
  • lab so good control
  • artificial
  • shows gender differences
45
Q

SLT- Bandura Bobo Doll- vicarious reinfiorcement

A

teacher acted agressivley to doll and kids watched
G1- teacher was punished
G2- teacher rewarded
G3 - teacher had no consequences
most aggressive to doll was G1,G3,G2

46
Q

cognitive approach

A

studies internal mental processes scientifically and explains behaviour is a result of internal mental processes

47
Q

cognitive approach -Schema

A

cognitive processing is affected by a persons schema which are developed by info and experience

48
Q

cognitive approach -Computer model

A

we take info in like a keyboard would , process it and store it in memory , our output is our behaviour and

49
Q

Pros and Cons of computer model

A

P - good for MSM
C- machine reductionism

50
Q

cognitive approach - theoretical models

A

show the steps involved in internal mental processes
( MSM and WMM)

51
Q

cognitive approach - A03 methodology (5)

A
  • recognises the complexity of human behaviour
  • controlled lab conditions
  • artificial tasks
  • scientific and objective
  • uses inference so mistakes can be made
52
Q

cognitive approach A03 - applications (3)

A

cognitive research into memory has led to improvements in EWT
CBT focuses on cognitive neuroscience
led to advances in cognitive neuroscience technology

53
Q

cognitive approach A03 - drawbacks

A
  • ignores the role of emotion and motivation
  • machine reductionism
54
Q

computer model - how is brain and computer different

A
  • computer isn’t effected by emotions
  • humans don’t always pay attention to things whereas computers do
55
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study of the brain, advances in fMRI and PET scans

56
Q

Psychodynamic - ice berg theory

A

conscious - 10% aware of thoughts
pre conscious - 15% can bring into awareness if focus on them
unconscious - 75% not aware and no acess

57
Q

pyschodynamic approach

A

behaviour is a result of subconscious and explains that traumatic child experiences pushed into sub conscious lead to mental disorders

58
Q

parts of personality - super ego

A

3.5-6 years
moral principle
ideas on how to behave from parents and society

59
Q

parts of personality - ego

A

18m-3.5 years
reality principle
conscious and unconscious
balances ID and superEGO

60
Q

parts of personality - ID

A

developed at 0-18 moths
wants pleasure
innate instincts
in unconscious

61
Q

3 defence mechanisms which help balance conflicting demands- ego redirecting pyschic energy

A

repression - force into unconciouss
denial - not acknowledging
displacement - transferring unpleasent feelings onto something else

62
Q

5 pyschosexual stages

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

63
Q

Oral stage

A

0-18 months
pleasure is focused around mouth
unresolved results in oral fixation - smoking or nail biting

64
Q

Anal stage

A

1-3 years
pleasure is focused on anus and pooing
unresolved - anal retention - obsessive and clean , anal expulsion- messy

65
Q

pyschodynamic - oedpius complex

A

part of phallic stage
boys want to kill their father as they want to have sex with their mother

66
Q

electra complex

A

part of phallic stage
girls have penis envy where they love their dad and hate their mother

67
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-5 years
focus on genitals
boys develop Oedipus complex - want to kill dad
girls develop Electra complex - penis envy
unresolved - homosexual

68
Q

Latency stage

A

age 6 to puberty
earlier conflicts are repressed into sports and hobbies
same sex friendships are focused on

69
Q

Psychodynamic approach - A03 weaknesses (3)

A
  • over emphasised childhood experience
  • case studies use no scientific methods so not a scientific method
  • many of his theories are un falsifiable
70
Q

Psychodynamic approach - A03 strengths (3)

A
  • highlighted a widely accepted link between childhood and adult experiences
  • case studies to support have rich in detail data
    psycho analysis is what a lot of therapy is based on
71
Q

psychodynamic approach - Freuds methods

A

free association
dream interpretation

72
Q

Pyschodynamic approach - little hans

A

hans had a phobia of horses
Freud believed this was because he was in the Oedipus complex and the horse represented his father
he was using displacement for the phobia of his father

73
Q

genital stage

A

puberty into adulthood
sexual desires become conscious due to puberty
healthy relationships focused on

74
Q

introspection

A

Wundt used this it was the process of looking inwards
Ps would be given a problem , something to memorise or something to concentrate on and asked to report inner experiences

75
Q

Wundt

A

first psychologist , opened his lab in Germany in 1875, his approach was known as structuralism.
He published first book on psychology
he identified higher mental processes

76
Q

4 positives of introspection

A
  • standardised procedure
  • controlled lab conditions
  • start of experimental methods
  • beginning of cognitive approach
77
Q

5 negatives of introspection

A
  • reports may be distorted due to social desirability
  • highly subjective
  • delay between experience and recall
  • not aware of all thoughts
  • can’t be replicated
78
Q

timeline of approaches
1875- 1980

A

1875- Wundt structuralism
1900- Pyschodynamic
1913- behaviourist
1950 - humanistic
1950 - cognitive
1960 - SLT
1980 - biological

79
Q

Bobo Doll - A03

A
  • matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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