Approaches

Question 1

Who founded the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

What is the unconscious mind?

Answer 2

Unaware but directs most of our behaviour

Question 3

What is the EGO, ID and super EGO?

Answer 3

Ego - compromise, balance
ID - selfish, wants
Super Ego - morals, the law

Question 4

What is the Electra complex?

Answer 4

See boys have a penis, they want one so get penis envy, having a baby will satisfy this problem

Question 5

What is the Oedipus complex?

Answer 5

Boys sexually attracted to mum, wants to kill dad as with mum but scared of being castrated
So become like your dad to get with people like mum

Question 6

What are the pros to the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 6

Psychotherapy (RWA)
Can explain human behaviour

Question 7

What are the negatives to the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 7

Inappropriate, harmful
No scientific evidence (only little Hans)

Question 8

Who founded classical conditioning and what is it?

Answer 8

Pavlov - pavlovs dog
We learn by association

Question 9

Who founded operant conditioning and what is it?

Answer 9

Skinner - we learn in our environment

Question 10

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 10

Reward when desired behaviour is done

Question 11

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 11

Avoiding a behaviour to avoid an unpleasant stimuli

Question 12

What is a punishment?

Answer 12

An unpleasant consequence

Question 13

What are the positives to the behavioural approach?

Answer 13

Scientific, well controlled experiments
Token economy (RWA) in prisons, can explain gambling

Question 14

What are the negatives to the behavioural approach?

Answer 14

Over simplified, ignores mental processes
Nurture, ignores free will

Question 15

Who founded the hierarchy in the humanistic approach?

Answer 15

Maslow

Question 16

What are the 5 steps in the hierarchy?

Answer 16

1. Physiological needs - oxygen,rest,home
2. Safety and security - employment, family
3. Love and belongings - sexual intimacy
4. Self-esteem - confidence
5. Self-actualisation - acceptance

Question 17

What is CCT? What does it include?

Answer 17

Client counselling therapy, active learning, empathy, showing unconditional positive regard

Question 18

Who founded the ideal self and perceived self and what do these mean?

Answer 18

Rogers
Ideal self : person you aim to be
Perceived self : how you see yourself now

Question 19

What is congruence?

Answer 19

Ideal self has to be similar to perceived self

Question 20

What is incongurance? What causes it?

Answer 20

When ideal self and perceived self are far apart
Lack of unconditional positive regard

Question 21

What are the positives to the humanistic approach?

Answer 21

CCT, RWA
Holism, considers looking at the human as a whole (not reductionist)

Question 22

What are the negatives to the humanistic approach?

Answer 22

Cultural bias
Not scientific, cant be measured

Question 23

What are the 3 main ways to study the cognitive approach?

Answer 23

Lab experiments, case studies, brain scans

Question 24

What is a schema?

Answer 24

Organise and interpret different information about different experiences

Question 25

What are the 3 different types of schema?

Answer 25

Self schema - how you are as a person Event schema - expected in a situation Role schema - expected behaviour

Question 26

What are the positives to the cognitive approach?

Answer 26

Scientific, lab experiments, brain scans CBT, RWA helps with everything diagnosis

Question 27

What are the negatives to the cognitive approach?

Answer 27

Machine reductionist, reduces us to computers No free will

Question 28

Who founded the social learning theory and what is it?

Answer 28

Bandura - people learn through imitation and observation of others

Question 29

What is indirect observation?

Answer 29

Vicarious - observing someone being rewarded so copy

Question 30

What was the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 30

Watches happens someone either get rewarded, punished or no punishment/reward when acting aggressively towards the doll

Question 31

What is a negative to the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 31

Can’t test real aggression as the doll cannot feel actual pain

Question 32

What are the mediational processes?

Answer 32

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

Question 33

What is identification in regards to the social learning theory?

Answer 33

Selecting a role model who has higher status

Question 34

What are the positives to the social learning theory?

Answer 34

RWA, classification systems with films All behaviour explained Scientific - lab experiments

Question 35

What are the negatives to the social learning theory?

Answer 35

Ignores aggression due to testosterone Nurture, ignores nature Bobo doll can’t actually feel pain - not true representative

Question 36

What is direct observations?

Answer 36

Classical and operant conditioning

Question 37

What are the 3 defence mechanisms?

Answer 37

Repression, denial displacement

Question 38

What stage does the Oedipus complex come into?

Answer 38

Phallic

Question 39

what is the main assumption about cognitive approach?

Answer 39

internal mental processes should be studied scientifically studied indirectly using inferences (drawing conclusions about what's going on in someone's mind based on observed behaviour)