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Psychology Paper 2 > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Nuisance factors that could affect the DV

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2
Q

What are the types of experiment?

A

Lab, field, natural, quasi

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3
Q

What is a lab experiment?
Positives and negatives?

A

Where the IV is controlled
Demand characteristics, lack mundane realism
Can control variables

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4
Q

What is a natural experiment?
Positives and negatives?

A

Naturally occurring IV
Can control demand characteristics
Rare opportunities

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5
Q

What is a field experiment?
Positives and negatives?

A

Natural environment
Easy to control demand characteristics
Hard to control environmental factors

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6
Q

What is a quasi experiment?
Positives and negatives?

A

IV is a group characteristic
Depends on the location
Can’t randomly allocate

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7
Q

What did popper find?

A

Scientific knowledge is falsifiable. Scientists should try to disprove their theories and hypothesis

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8
Q

What did Kuhn find?

A

Grand assumptions (paradigms) and processed by paradigm shifts
scientific knowledge breaks down when paradigm hits a crisis then increases again once a new paradigm is proposed

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9
Q

What is a one tailed hypothesis?

A

Directional hypothesis

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10
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

Non-directional hypothesis, just say there will be an effect

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11
Q

What are the 3 experimental designs?

A

Independents group, repeated measures, matched pairs

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12
Q

What are wrong with independent groups? How to solve?

A

Individual differences, randomly allocate

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13
Q

What is the issue with repeated measures? How to solve?

A

Order effects (familiarity). Counter balance

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14
Q

What is the process on how to counterbalance for matched pairs?

A

Assess a variable by using a questionnaire, self report etc…
Match them up
Randomly split them into the different groups

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15
Q

What are the different types of sampling?

A

Stratified, random, opportunity, volunteer, systematic

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16
Q

What is random sampling? Positives and negatives

A

Randomly selecting
+ easy, quick,
- can miss subgroups

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17
Q

What is systematic sampling? + and -

A

pick every nth number
+ equal chance of getting picked
- misses out subgroups

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18
Q

What is stratified sampling? + and -

A

Identify subgroups and then pick randomly
+ generalisable
- time consuming

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19
Q

What is opportunity sampling? + and -

A

Picking people closest to you
+ quick, easy
- bias, misses out subgroups

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20
Q

What is volunteer sampling? + and -

A

Advertising the experiment and allow people to sign up
+ easy, quick, people involved want to participate
- misses out subgroups, bias

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21
Q

What is the difference between reliability & validity

A

R - how well it can be replicated/ accurate
V - too see if the experiment sets out what it says it’s testing

22
Q

What are the different ethical issues?

A

Consent, deception, protection from harm, confidentiality

23
Q

What are the 3 ways of getting other consent?
What do they all mean?

A

Presumptive - asking a similar group
Prior general - asking to agree to a range of tests
Retrospective - complete a full debrief with consent after

24
Q

What are pilot studies? Positives?

A

Small scale studies that try out your materials and procedure before you release the main study
Increases validity

25
Q

What are observations? Examples?

A

Watching the experiment unfold
Zimbardo, sane in insane places

26
Q

What are the 4 types of observations?

A

Naturalistic vs controlled
Covert vs overt (covert = dk)
Structured vs unstructured (preplanned behavioural categories)
Participant vs non-participant

27
Q

What is event sampling?

A

Categories are produced prior to the observation and recorded every time they are observed

28
Q

What is time sampling?

A

Recording whatever behaviour is being displayed at timed intervals

29
Q

How do you find inter rater reliability?

A

Compare the results from observation, the data between the observers is consistent

30
Q

What is self report?

A

Where the participant will report their own behaviour, emotions and feelings

31
Q

What are open questions?

A

Explain answers with a wide range, using words and phrases

32
Q

What are closed questions?

A

Give participants limited/fixed options to respond to

33
Q

What is the test-retest? What does it improve?

A

Get the participants to complete the same test twice
Reliability

34
Q

How do we improve reliability in observations?

A

Operationalise
Standardised procedure
Piloted

35
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data that the researcher has collected themselves

36
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Getting findings from an external source that has already been conduced

37
Q

In terms of dispersion what does the data mean?

A

If the dispersion is lower, the data is more consistent
If the dispersion is high, the data is less consistent and has wider results

38
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Categories

39
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Ranking, rating, test scores

40
Q

What is interval data?

A

Precisely measured scaled, ounces, grams, cm, minutes

41
Q

What is the rule of R’s?

A

If the test has an R in it, the calculated value must be greater than or equal to the critical value

42
Q

What are type 1 errors?

A

False positive - wrongly accepted the alternative hypothesis

43
Q

What are type 2 errors?

A

False negatives - wrongly accepted the null hypothesis

44
Q

what are the stages to a scientific report?

A

abstract, introduction, method, findings, discussion, references

45
Q

what is in the abstract section?

A

first section, method, aims, hypothesis, finding etc

46
Q

what is in the introduction?

A

reasoning of the aim, end with a hypothesis
2nd part

47
Q

what is in the method?

A

all info to help other researchers replicate it
the design, variables, participants etc

48
Q

what is in the results?

A

objective data
graph, interpret data
statistical test

49
Q

what is in the discussion section?

A

accept/reject hypothesis
weaknesses
suggestions about what others can do

50
Q

what is in the references section?

A

whos work you have read and used as part of the development of your own

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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