approaches Flashcards
(49 cards)
structuralism
breaking down behaviours and analysing them
introspection
systematic analysis of ones own conscious experiences
wilhem wundt
-considered father of experimental psychology
-opened the first experimental psychology lab in Germany in 1879
-wrote first book of psychology
-seperated psychology from philosophy
method of introspection
-gave participants a stimulus (usually a metronome)
-participants were asked to reflect on internal mental processes by reflecting on emotions, thoughts and feelings
-drawn conclusions by comparing all responses
features of science
- empirical evidence
- predictability
- objectivity
- replicability
- falsifiability
- control
- systematic
- hypothesis setting
one strength of wudnts research
some of his methods were scientific
- systematic
- replicability
- lab study
one weakness of wudnts research
some elements of his research would be considered unscientific today
- self reporting
emergence of psychology timeline
structuralism, psychodynamic, behaviourism, humanistic, cognate, social learning theory, biological, cognative neuroscience
behaviourist assumptions
- all behaviour is learnt from personal experiences with environment
- only liked behaviour that could be observed and measured
- human and animal learning is the same
- born a black slate and ‘written on’ by experiences
classical conditioning pavlov
wanted to look at learning through associations, presented a dog with a bowl of kibble (UCS) to produce salvaging (UCR), then before pairings presented dog with sound of a bell (NS) ,after pairings of both the bell and food, the dog was only presented with the bell (CS) and produced a salvaging response (CR).
operant conditioning skinner
learning through consequences, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment.
positive reinforcement
behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence (reward), more likely to repeat behaviour.
rats received food when they pressed the lever.
negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant consequence and more likely to be repeated.
rats were on electric shock plate, once pressed the button shock was stopped.
punishment
behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence, less likely to be repeated.
when rats pressed button electric shock was given.
schedules of reinforcement
rewarding a behaviour every time it is performed is the best way to establish a behaviour, every 3rd time is best to maintain.
one strength of behaviourist approach
it is based off well controlled research
one weakness of behaviourist approach
used extrapolation from animals to humans
one strength of behaviourist approach
it has been applied to therapy especially linked with phobias
one weakness of behaviourist approach
it is deterministic, which raises ethical and legal issues
social learning theory assumptions
extension of behaviourism- agrees we learn directly through conditioning. We learn indirectly through observation and imitation.
modelling
other people act as models for our behaviour, can be real people (live) or tv characters (symbolic).
modelling is also the demonstration of particular behaviour.
imitation and identification
characteristics of models influence the likelihood of imitation. models we can relate to (identify) are more likely to be imiated.
vicarious reinforcement
behaviour is more likely to be repeated if the model is observed getting a reward.
mediational proccess
- attention
- retention
- motor repoduction
- motivation
