attachment

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

close two way emotional bond between individuals.

Question 2

reciprocity

Answer 2

mutual exchange of responses between infant and caregiver

Question 3

study for reciprocity
Feldman (2007)

Answer 3

after 3 months frequency of reciprocity (facial expressions and noises) increased

Question 4

interactional symphony

Answer 4

caregiver and baby mirror each others facial expressions or movement in a coordinated manor.

Question 5

study for interactional synchrony
Meltzoff & moore (1977)

Answer 5

found association between infant and adult behaviour.
suggest that this behavioural synchrony is innate.

Question 6

strength of caregiver infant interaction

Answer 6

P= Research contains filmed observations in labs.
E= Observayions can be recorded and analysed without missing key interactions. Can establish inter-observer reliability. Babies dont know theyre being observed so no chnage in behaviour
T= Data should contain reliability and validity.

Question 7

One weakness of caregiver infant intercation

Answer 7

P= Its hard to interpret babies behaviour.
E= Babies facial expressions are contantly changing, difficult to be sure whether a baby is reciprocity as baby could twitch
T= Reduce validity

Question 8

One weakness of caregiver infant interaction

Answer 8

P= Observing behaviour doesnt tell us why its important
E= Observing reciprocity and intercational synchrony shows the patten but not the importance in development in babies
T=Observation alone can not tell us why reciprocity is important.

Question 9

stages of attachment
Schaffer’s aim

Answer 9

to investigate what age infants become attached and who to

Question 9

asocial stage

Answer 9

age: first few weeks
description: babies’ behaviour towards human and non human objects is quite similar.
show some preference for individuals, and some social stimuli.

Question 10

stages identified by schaffer

Answer 10

• asocial
• indiscrimination
• specific attachment
• multiple attachment

Question 10

indiscriminate

Answer 10

age:
description: become more socialble, can distinguish people, prefering to over objects, no stranger or seperation anxiety.

Question 11

specific attachment

Answer 11

age: 7-9 months
description: begin to show anxiety towards strangers and when seperated from caregiver, formed specific attachment. bond with person who is most sensitive to needs.

Question 12

multiple attachments

Answer 12

age: approx 10 months
description: begin to show attachment to other adults, called secondary attachments

Question 13

role of father

Answer 13

anyone who takes on the role of main male caregiver

Question 14

Schaffer and Emerson
role of father (1964)

Answer 14

-By 18 months, 75% of infants had formed an attachment to their father.
-Fathers were usually secondary attachment figures, but still important.

Question 15

Grossman research on
role of the father (2002)

Answer 15

-longitudinal study, found that fathers have a play quality, provided unique role in stimulation and risk taking rather than nurturing.

Question 16

Field’s research into role of
the father (1978)

Answer 16

-primary caregiver fathers like mothers engaged in nurturing behaviours
-attachment depends on responsiveness than gender.

Question 17

factors affecting fathers role

Answer 17

• biological factors- hormones like oestrogen make mothers naturally more nurturing
• cultural expectations- fathers are expected to be providers rather than caregivers
• economic and work demands- the amount of time a father spends at work can impact their level of involvement.

Question 18

One weakness of role of the father

Answer 18

P= Lack of clarity over questions being asked
E= Some researchers want to know fathers role as secondary attachment figure, some want to know as first attachment figure.
T= Makes it difficult for simple answer for ‘role of father’

Question 19

A weakness of the role of the father

Answer 19

P= The importance of the father figure varies
E= Grossmans study shows fathers habe important role based of play and risk taking, however if fathers role was distictive, how come children with single mothers or lesbian parents dont turn out differently.
T= Question remains
C= Ftahers typically take on role is heterosexual families, but in single. mother or lesbian parents adapt.

Question 20

A strength of role of the father

Answer 20

P= Knowledge may be used in the wide world to support parents and parental anxiety
E= Mothers may feel pressured to stay at home due to steryotypical views on role of father, whilst father beleieves he should provide for the family.
T= Support for families, shows real world application.

Question 21

Animal study of attachment
Konrad Lorenz

Answer 21

• wanted to look into imprinting (attaching to the first moving thing we see)
  *see if imprinting was fixed and irrevesible.
• identified critical period (the time in which imprinting needs to occur within species, then or never)

Question 22

Greylag goose egg experiment
Lorenz (1935)

Answer 22

Group 1- hatched naturally with mother (control)
Group 2- hatched in incubator, away from mother, first thing they saw was Lorenz.
Each duckling was marked then recorded, placed both under box and when the box lid was removed he found that
Group 1- followed the mother
Group 2- followed Lorenz

Question 23

Animal study of attachment Harry Harlow

Answer 23

wanted to see if we attach for food or comfort study of baby monkeys

Question 24

Rhesus monkey study Harlow (1958)

Answer 24

16 monkeys were seperated at birth, placed in cage with 'wire mother' which had a feeding bottle on and 'comfort mother' which was in felt. measured the amount of contact time each 'mother' got. monkeys had extreme preference for comfort soft other, spending over 16 hrs per day on it. comfort is more important than feeding, bonds are resulted from comfort and tactile contact

Question 25

consequences of Harry Harlows study

Answer 25

maternal deprivation was permanent, monkeys with wire monkeys were most dysfunctional but both groups were aggressive and not sociable. unskilled at mating and often neglected and killed their yooung. shows long term impacts negitive attachments have.

Question 26

contact comfort

Answer 26

innate need that an infant has for emotional support, and something to touch and cling to

Question 27

critical period

Answer 27

specific time in which an infant needs to form an attachment for healthy social development

Question 28

Strength of Lorenz's study

Answer 28

P= There is research support into concept. E= Research by Regolin and Vallortigara exposed chicks to simple shape combinations that moved. Range of shapes were then shown and they followed the origional most closely. T= Supports that young infants are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on moving objects, increases validity.

Question 29

Weakness of animal studies of attachment

Answer 29

P= There is issues with extroplation E= Mammalian attachment is more complex than birds, for example its a two way system of attachment- mother to infant and infant to mother. Monkeys are more like humans than Lorenz's birds but human behaviour is still more complex. T= Reduces generalisability of the studdies to humans

Question 30

Strength of Harlows research

Answer 30

P= Has real world applications E= Helps social workers and psychologists undestand the lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development, allowing them to intervene. Importance of attachment figures for baby monkeys in zoos. T= Value of Harlows research is theoretical and practical.

Question 31

Learning theory aka behaviourism

Answer 31

suggests cupboard love is what forms an attachment - children learn to love whoever feeds them.

Question 32

Dollard and Miller (1950) Classical conditioning infant

Answer 32

-happens when someone makes an association between stimulus and repsoinse. -milk is neutral stimulus which produces a happiness repsonse (Ucr) -caregiver doing the feeding is the (IDKKKKKK) which produces no respose. -after association caregiver is recognised with food -caregiver becomes conditioned stimulus and infant gives a conditioned response.

Question 33

Dollard and Miller Operant conditioning infant

Answer 33

* looked at positive and negative reinforcement *

Question 34

Weakness of Learning theory

Answer 34

P= Research against it E= Lorenz geese imprinted on the first moving thing they saw, rather than if they were associated with food. Harlows monkeys prefered comfort to food. T= Reduces validity as other factors rather than association with food are more important in forming attachments.

Question 35

Strength of learning theory

Answer 35

P= Some elements of conditioning are involved E= Babies may learn through association and reinforcement but it might not be related to food. Feeling comfort may incluence babies chooice of attachment figure. T= Theory is still useful in undestanding attachments.

Question 36

Weakness of learning theory

Answer 36

P= It contains reductionism and deterministic E= Reduces complex human behaviours and emotions to simple associations between stimulus and responce.

Question 37

Weakness for learning theory

Answer 37

P= Counter evidence from human studdies E= Schaffer and Emerson found that babies attach to whoever is more repsonsive to their alert phase T= Other factors rather than food contribute to forming attachments.

Question 38

Bowlby's monotropic theory

Answer 38

rejected learnign theory, arguing that biology had more of a role as attachment is innate. emphasises importance of singular, special attachment figure.

Question 39

Two principles of monotropy

Answer 39

1. Law of continuity- the more constand and predictable the childs care, the better the attachments 2.Law of accimulated seperation- effects of every seperation from mother adds up, so little or no is suggested

Question 40

Weakness of monotrophy theory

Answer 40

P= Lacks validity E= Schaffer and Emmerson found significant amounts formed attachments at the same time, suggesting first attachment is stronger not different. T= Research against Bowlby, proving he may be incorrect.

Question 41

Strength of monotropic theory

Answer 41

P= Research support E= Berry Brazzeldon observed babies trigger parents reactions using social releases. When primary attachment figure was ignoring baby, baby became very distressed. T= Social releases are important in development

Question 42

Strength of monotrophic theory

Answer 42

P= Support for the internal working model. E= Bailey found mothers with poor attachment to their primary attachment figure were most likely to have a poor attachment with child. T= Supports Bowlbys idea that mothers ability to form attachments to their babies is influenced by their IWM (their experiences).

Question 43

Ainsworths strange situation

Answer 43

investigate individual differences in attachment styles assessed though: proximity seeking, secure base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion.

Question 44

method

Answer 44

1. mother and child enter 2.baby is encouraged to explore- secure base behaviour 3. stranger enters- stranger anxiety 4. caregiver leaves- separation anxiety 5. caregiver returns and stranger leaves- reunion behaviour 6. caregiver leaves- separation anxiety 7.stranger returns-stranger anxiety 8. caregiver returns- reunion behaviour.

Question 45

secure attachment baby findings

Answer 45

child is easily distressed when mother leaves, comforted upon return

Question 46

insecure avoidant

Answer 46

child is not distressed, avoid on return

Question 47

insecure resistant

Answer 47

distressed when parent leaves, angry on return