Approaches Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Who is Wundt?
A
‘Father of psychology’. Used technique of introspection and his approach became known as structuralism
2
Q
What is introspection?
A
Investigate the human mind by asking participants to observe and examine their own mental processes. Focus on being objective
3
Q
What is the evaluation of Wundt?
A
- Scientific - empirical method
- Pioneering - established first lab, introduced introspection, used controlled procedures and came up with structuralism as an approach
- Subjective - relies on peoples own insight into themselves
4
Q
What is structuralism?
A
Break into basic structures: Thoughts, images, sensations
5
Q
What does FORE stand for?
A
Falsifiability - possibility that a hypothesis could be false
Objectivity - result not effected by expectations of researcher
Replicability - accurate recordings of procedure
Empirical method - Using observations/testing to gain knowledge
6
Q
What happened to introspection in the 1900s?
A
Early behaviourists rejected introspection. Watson said it was subjective and should only study what can be observed
7
Q
What approach was dominating in the 1930s?
A
Behaviourist approach dominated psychology (Skinner). Focus on learning and controlled lab studies
8
Q
What approach came in the 1950s?
A
Cognitive approach. Likened mind to a computer and experimented around memory and attention
9
Q
What approach came in the 1980s?
A
Biological approach. Use technology. Brain activity recorded, scanning techniques, advanced genetic research
10
Q
What is the evaluation of psychology as a science?
A
- Modern psychology is scientific as follows principles of FORE and uses scientific methods
- Some approaches use subjective methods. Demand characteristics. Psychodynamic approach uses unrepresentative sample.
- Experimental reductionism. Complex behaviour reduced to a single variable - only behaviour in a lab
11
Q
What are the 4 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
A
- Unconscious mind is important in determining behaviours.
- Mind is made of three levels - conscious, pre-conscious (things that can be recalled to memories) and sub-conscious (things outside out awareness)
- Personality is made of three levels - The id (instincts and basic drives, pleasure principle), the superego (conscience and moral standards, morality principle) and the ego (resolve conflict between id and superego)
- Childhood experiences dictate adult development
12
Q
What are the psychosexual stages?
A
Oral stage (0-1)
Anal stage (1-3)
Phallic stage (3-6)
Latency stage (6-12)
Genital stage (puberty onwards)
13
Q
What happens in the oral stage (0-1)?
A
Infants pleasure focusses on mouth ‘suckling’.
Underfed - oral passive - trusting , dependant
Overfed - oral aggressive - dominating, aggressive
14
Q
What happens in the anal stage (1-3)?
A
Childs pleasure focuses on anus and from elimination.
Anal retentive = tidiness, mean, stubborn
Anal expulsive = untidiness, generosity
Fixation: toilet training
15
Q
What happens in the phallic stage (3-6)?
A
Childs pleasure focusses on genitals. Superego develops due to internalising same sex parents.
Oedipus (boys) + Electra (girls)
Vanity, envy, inferiority, self-obsession
Fixation: Penis envy
16
Q
What happens in the latency stage (6-12)?
A
Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
17
Q
What happens in the genital stage (puberty onwards)?
A
Time of sexual reawakening. Source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Mature, well-adjusted, love and be loved
18
Q
What are the three defence mechanisms?
A
Repression
Denial
Displacement
19
Q
What does repression refer to?
A
Unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses . The thoughts and impulses continue to influence behaviour without the individual being aware of the reasons e.g. phobias
20
Q
What does denial refer to?
A
Refusal to accept reality as as to avoid having to deal with any painful feelings
21
Q
What does displacement refer to?
A
The redirecting of thoughts and feeling onto something else
22
Q
What is androcentrism?
A
Male dominated study/theory
23
Q
What is an alpha bias?
A
Exaggerates male/female differences
24
Q
What is a beta bias?
A
Minimise male/female differences
25
What is the evaluation for the psychodynamic approach?
Alpha bias/androcentrism: Believed women less developed sexually than men. Electra weaker than Oedipus.
Not scientific: Not falsifiable or objective
Practical application: Psychoanalysis - dream analysis, free association. Helps improve lives e.g. counselling
26
What are the behaviourist assumptions?
All behaviour is learnt. Influenced by the environment via conditioning
27
What are the two types of conditioning?
Classical and operant conditioning
28
Who studied classical conditioning and what was his method and findings?
Pavlov. Classical conditioning is learning through association.
UCS (food) produces reflex response (drool)
UCR (drool) is reflex response to UCS (food)
CR (drool) is learnt response which now occurs when CS is present (bell)
CS (bell) is new stimulus presented with UCS (food) to produce UCR (drool)
29
What are the other 4 key features of classical conditioning?
Timing
Stimulus generalisation
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
30
What is timing in classical conditioning?
If the NS cannot be used to predict the UCS then conditioning does not take place
31
What is stimulus generalisation in classical conditioning?
Once an animal has been conditioned they will also respond to other stimuli that are similar to the CS
32
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
If the CS is observed multiple time in the absence of the UCS it loses it's ability to produce the CR
33
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Following extinction if the CS and UCS are paired together the link between them is made much more quickly
34
What is the Skinner box experiment?
Rat in a box with lever. Every time the rat activated the lever, it was rewarded with food. Rat continued to perform behaviour. Also worked in reverse for unpleasant stimulus. Rat only pressed lever a few times before avoiding
35
What are the different types of reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
36
What are the types of punishment?
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
37
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding in a reward in order to get a good behaviour to be performed again
38
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an averse stimulus e.g. avoided a feared object
39
What is positive punishment?
Adding an aversive stimulus after an unwanted behaviour in order to prevent repetition of the unwanted behaviour
40
What is negative punishment?
Something is 'taken away' that makes the behaviour less likely to occur
41
What is the evaluation for the behaviourism approach?
Scientific - falsifiable, replicable
Practical application - Systematic desensitisation for phobias
Supports nurture - Skinner and Pavlov - environment
Deterministic - phobias not always developed
42
What are the key ideas of the SLT?
Explains behaviour including indirect and direct reinforcement and considers cognitive factors
43
When does modelling take place?
Takes place in a social context due to exposure to others behaviour
44
What is imitation?
Models we relate to are more likely to be imitated
45
What is identification?
Characteristics of models influence the likelihood of imitating the behaviour
46
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Behaviours more likely to be repeated if rewarded directly or if a model is observed being rewarded
47
What are the four mediational processes?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
48
What is the attention stage of the four mediational processes?
Whether we notice the behaviour
49
What is the retention stage of the four mediational processes?
Whether we remember the behaviour long term
50
What is the reproduction stage of the four mediational processes?
Whether we are physically able to perform the movement
51
What is the motivation stage of the four mediational processes?
Whether the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs
52
What is the sample and procedure of Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?
72 total children.
24 had an aggressive model
6 boys and 6 girls had a female aggressive model
6 boys and 6 girls had a male aggressive model
24 had a non-aggressive model
6 boys and 6 girls had a female non-aggressive model
6 boys and 6 girls had a male non-aggressive model
24 had no model (control).
Children saw how the models acted with the doll
They were left alone with the doll
Record how they acted
53
What were Banduras findings of the Bobo Doll Study?
Aggressive model: More aggressive children than other model
Boys imitated same sex model more than girls
Girls: Physical aggression if male model, but verbal aggression if female model
Found that aggressive behaviour can be learnt through observation and imitation of a model
54
What is the evaluation for the SLT?
Practical application - Age restrictions on video games and films
Scientific - Replicable and falsifiable as can repeat Bandura's study
Nurture - learn through observation
Soft determinism - Mostly controlled by environment but can exert some free will into our behaviour
55
What is the key focus of the humanistic approach?
Emphasises the importance of subjective experience, free will and each person's capacity for self determination
56
What is self-actualisation?
An innate tendency to want to achieve our full potential and become the best that we can be
57
What is congruence?
A similarity between our ideal self and our own self image. If not the same then causes anxiety
58
What is the idea of focussing on the self?
Ideas and values that characterise 'I' and 'me' and includes our perception of 'what I am' and 'what I can do'
59
What may imposing conditions of worth do when children are young?
Prevent personal growth.
'I will only love you if...'
60
What are conditions of worth?
Conditions imposed on an individuals behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn respect from others
61
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Personal growths concerned with developing and changing as a person to become fulfilled, satisfied and goal-oriented
62
What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from top to bottom?
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love/belonging
Safety
Physiological
63
What are examples of physiological needs?
Food, sex, water, sleep
64
What are examples of safety needs?
Security of employment, health, resources, property
65
What are examples of love/belonging needs?
Sexual intimacy, family, friendships
66
What are examples of esteem needs?
Confidence, respect for/from others
67
What are examples of being self -actualised?
Morality, creativity, lack of prejudice
68
What is self-worth?
What we feel and think of ourselves. Developed in early childhood and based off parent-infant interactions
69
What is self-image?
How we perceive ourselves as individuals. Has an effect on how a person behaves, thinks and feels
70
What is the ideal-self?
Person we would like to be. Goals and ambitions in life. It's dynamic so is always changing
71
What is congruence?
Healthy sense of well being. Maintain consistency between ideal self and actual self
72
What is incongruence?
Gap between ideal and actual self which leads to low self worth. Defence mechanisms can effect self from growing
73
What is the evaluation for the humanistic approach?
Not scientific - subjective e.g. ideal self is different for everyone
Practical application - Client centred therapy aims to reduce incongruence
Free will - You can choose who you want to be
Ideographic - based off individual people and may not be the same for everyone
74
What does the cognitive approach suggest?
Internal mental processes should be studied scientifically. Explain all behaviour in terms of thoughts, beliefs, attitudes and study how these direct our behaviour
75
What is meant by internal mental processes?
Humans are information processors. Various cognitive functions work together to make sense of the world e.g. perception, attention, memory, language, thinking and problem solving
76
What is inference?
Act of drawing a conclusion from reasoning and evidence. Use clues from observing behaviour and speech to create an explanation
77
What does Bartlett suggest the role of Schemas are?
Mental structure that represents an aspect of the world. Allow us to make sense of the world. Provide shortcuts to identify things and think quickly
78
How could schemas be negative?
Could lead to discrimination
Change how we interpret incoming information
Inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony
79
What is Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study?
Story to 20pps about another culture. Recall after hours, days, months and year
Found the story shortens in length and language used changed to fit in with cultural schemas
80
What is meant by cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes. Done via fMRI or PET scanning e.g. speech production in Broca's area and language comprehension in Wernicke's area
81
What is the evaluation of the cognitive approach?
Scientific - empirical and replicable due to brain scans
Practical application - CBT for depression and schizophrenia
Machine reductionism- links to a machine
82
What is the main idea of the biological approach?
Everything psychological is at first biological
83
What is the role of serotonin?
Increase self control, inhibit aggressive responses
84
What is the role of dopamine?
Regulate mood and attention
85
What is the role of endorphins?
Released when feel pain or stress
86
What is the role of oxytocin?
Released from pituary gland - feelings of contentment and calmness
87
What is the role of adrenaline?
Fight or flight
88
What is the role of melatonin?
Pineal gland - regulate sleep-wake cycles
89
What is the role of cortisol?
Adrenal cortex - stress hormone
90
What is concordance?
Estimate the influence of nature and nurture on a particular trait, disorder or disease
91
What are twin studies used for?
Determine likelihood that certain traits have genetic basis by comparing concordance rates
92
What is a genotype?
Particular set of genes a person has (actual genetic make up)
93
What is a phenotype?
Characteristics of an individual determined by genes and the environment (behavioural, physical and psychological characteristics)
94
What is natural selection?
Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances survival and reproduction will be passed on to future generations
95
What is the evaluation of the biological approach?
Scientific - empirical and replicable due to brain scans
Practical application - psychoactive drugs e.g. antidepressants (increase serotonin at synapses in the brain)
Nature - fails to consider effect of the environment (phenotype)
Biological determinism - Governed by internal genetics, no free will
