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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mind?

A

ID, Ego and Superego

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2
Q

What are the 3 levels of consciousness?

A

Unconscious, preconscious and conscious

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3
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital

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4
Q

What personality traits arise from fixation at the Oral Stage?

A

Oral- thumb sucking, smoking or biting finger nails.
Personality- a person who is compulsive talker, Freddy and dependant on others.

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5
Q

What personality traits arise from fixation at the Anal stage?

A

Anal Expulsive- Disorganised and rebellious to authority
Anal Retentive- Organised and submissive to authority

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6
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has had a huge influence on psychology and western contemporary thought.

It has practical applications like psychoanalysis

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7
Q

What personality traits arise from fixation at the Phallic stage?

A

Phallic character- Vain, narcissistic and proud. Can be reckless and engage in risk taking.

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8
Q

What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has a lack of scientific evidence to support its ideas as many of its concepts are unfalsifiable.

It is deterministic as it sees behaviour is determined by unconscious thoughts and childhood traumas.

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9
Q

Explain the 3 defence mechanisms you need to know for the approach.

A

Denial- this is where a person refuses to accept reality.

Repression- this is where a person pushes anxiety provoking thoughts into the unconscious.

Displacement- this is where a person transfers feelings from one object onto another that is less anxiety provoking.

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10
Q

Explain what is meant by fixation.

A

Fixation is where a person doesn’t resolve the conflict of a stage successfully and so part of their unconscious mind remains stuck in the stage they fixated on.

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11
Q

Explain the Oedipus complex.

A

The Oedipus complex is when a boy starts to desire his mother and this leads to jealousy of the father. This leads the boy to fear his father will find out about his feelings for the mother and castrate him (castration anxiety). Eventually the boy identifies with his father and represses the feelings for his mother. The boy develops his superego by taking on his father’s morals.

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12
Q

What are some of the assumptions of the Humanistic approach?

A
  • we have free will and are self-determining.
  • humans should be studied in an unscientific way because studying in a scientific way is dehumanising.
  • we need insights into people’s subjective personal views.
  • people should be examined as a whole.
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13
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualisation.
Esteem
Love/ Belonging
Safety
Physiological

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14
Q

Explain what Roger’s thought all children should be given from their parents.

A

Parents should help children develop a good self concept and feelings of self worth. Roger’s claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults have their roots in childhood and can be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard from our parents. A parent who sets boundaries and limits their love (conditions of worth) can lead to a child with psychological issues.

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15
Q

Explain what is meant by self-actualisation.

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil ones full potential, becoming what you are capable of.

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16
Q

What is meant by congruence?

A

Congruence- this is where a persons actual self closely matches their idea self.

In congruence- where the ideal self is very different from the actual self . Roger’s thought this is where mental distress can result

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17
Q

Explain the strengths of the Humanistic approach.

A

The approach takes a positive view on behaviour, Humanism brought a more positive outlook seeing humans as basically good, working toward their potential and in control of their lives.

The approach is holistic. This is a more complex view on behaviour.

Practical applications of person centred therapy

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18
Q

Explain the weaknesses of the Humanistic approach.

A

The approach has vague ideas which are difficult to test. Leads to lack of empirical evidence or support.

The approach may have cultural bias because of the ideas are really more applicable to individualist cultures. Collectivist cultures would not strive for this

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19
Q

Describe the therapy of the Humanistic approach.

A

Person centred therapy. The aim is to increase the persons feelings of self worth and reduce incongruence between their self concept and their idea self. Therapy is non- directive, client is encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions in a warm and non-judgemental atmosphere.

Effective therapy should include-genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard

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20
Q

Explain where the Humanistic approach stands on each of the key debates.

A

Nature and nurture
Free will
Unscientific
Holistic
Ideographic research

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21
Q

Explain where the biological approach stands on each of the key debates.

A

Nature
Biological determinism
Scientific
Biological reductionism
Nomothetic research

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22
Q

Explain where the cognitive approach stands on each of the key debates.

A

Nature and nurture
Soft determinism
Scientific
Machine reductionism
Nomothetic research

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23
Q

Explain where the learning approach stands on each of the key debates.

A

But yet
Environmental determinism
Scientific
Environmental reductionism
Nomothetic research

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24
Q

Explain where the psychodynamic approach sits on each of the key debates.

Study These Flashcards
A

Nature and nurture.
Determinism
Unscientific
Idiographic research

25
What is meant by ‘SLT’ and where does it fit into the approaches.
Social learning theory is a part of the learning approach that argues behaviour is determined by observing and imitating role models.
26
Explain what is meant by classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is learning to respond automatically to stimuli that do not normally cause a reflect response. It is pairing an unconditioned stimulus to a neutral stimulus until the neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response.
27
Explain what is meant by operant conditioning.
This is where an animal/human learns to perform a behaviour based on the consequences they have previously received, a reward or punishment. Reinforcements increase repetition of behaviour. Punishments decrease repetition of behaviour.
28
Give 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of the learning approach
+ uses scientific experiments to investigate (high validity) + has practical applications- systematic desensitisation with classical conditioning. - ignores the role of nature on behaviour (reductionist) - too deterministic- seeing humans as having no free will.
29
Describe Bandura’s study.
Children observed a role model behaving aggressively or non aggressively towards a bobo doll. Children would imitate the actions that they saw.
30
What are some of the key assumptions of the learning approach?
- people learn how to behave environmentally -only measurable behaviour should be studied. - animals should be used in research
31
Explain what is meant by vicarious punishment and vicarious reinforcement.
Vicarious punishment - seeing a role model punished for an action so an observer does not copy as they don’t want the punishment. Vicarious reinforcement- seeing a model rewarded for an action so the observer imitates to get the same reward
32
What are some of the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?
- the mental processing happening between a stimulus and response should be studied - thought processes should be and can be studied scientifically by making inferences. -the mind works like a computer
33
Describe Pavlov’s study.
Pavlov found through research with dogs that if he paired a bell (NS) with food (UCS) several times then eventually the bell becomes (CS) and the salvation becomes (CR)
34
Describe Skinner’s study.
Skinner places pigeons and rats into a resting cage called the Skinner box. Skinner found he could get the animals to do a variety of behaviour by setting up schedules of reinforcement and punishment.
35
What are the mediations processes in SLT?
Attention. Retention. Reproduction. Motivation
36
Explain what is meant by an ‘inference’
An inference is the act of drawing conclusions from evidence and using reasoning.
37
Explain what is meant by a computer model.
This is using a computer to construct programs that mimic/stimulate how the processes are working.
38
Explain what is meant by a theoretical model.
These models depict a series of stages and explain the process of a mental processing happening between. Usually represented like a flow diagram.
39
Explain a similarity and a difference between computers and humans.
Similarity- physical features, microphone/ears, memory/data. Difference- unlimited memory of humans, organic living compared to plastic computer
40
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype- genetic makeup of an individual. Phenotype- genotype mixed with the environment and influences
41
Explain what evolution is.
Evolution happens due to genetic mutations. If the mutation increases the chances of survival or reproduction then the mutated gene is passed on to next generation. NATURAL SELECTION. over time a new behaviour then becomes part of the gene pool.
42
Explain what each of the 4 lobes of the brain do in terms of our behaviour.
Parietal- deals with sensory information Occipital- deals with visual information Frontal- controls thinking and decision making Temporal- controls memory
43
Explain who Wundt is.
Wundt publishes his first book on psychology and opened the first lab in Germany. He introduced introspection
44
Explain what is meant by introspection.
Introspection relies on non-observable responses, participants were asked to reflect on their OWN cognitive processes and describe them.
45
Explain the emergence of Psychology as a science.
Wundt established psychology as a science by using the scientific method. It really emerged though with the Behaviourist Approach. Watson and Skinner brought the language, rigour and methods.
46
Explain the emergency of cognitive neuroscience
This is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures and neurone on mental processes. It has emerged because of technology. Involved the use of non invasive brain scans like fMRI and PET to compare normal brains to brain damaged people.
47
Who was Phiness Gage and what contribution does his case study give to our understanding of what the brain controls.
Phineas Gage was a man involved in a railway accident. He had a large metal pole go through his head which largely destroyed most of his frontal love. He become impulsive and his personality changed. This shows that the frontal love must be partly responsible for our personality.
48
Explain 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of the cognitive approach.
+ uses scientific experiments to investigate (high validity) + has practical applications (CBT) - it relies on inferences and these can be inaccurate. - lots of research done in labs (low ecological validity)
49
Explain how the processing of computers is similar to humans.
We take information in from our senses (like computers INPUT) store it in memory or change it (PROCESSING) and then behave a certain way ( OUTPUT)
50
Explain 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of the biological approach.
+ uses scientific experiences to investigate (high validity) + practical applications (drug therapy and psychosurgery) - ignores the role of nurture - too deterministic
51
Explain what is meant by ‘localisation’
Localisation is the idea that certain parts of the brain control certain actions and behaviour
52
Explain what the classical conditioning diagram looks like.
UCS- UCR UCS+ NS- UCR CS- CR
53
Explain what a schema is.
Schemas are mental structures that represent an aspect of the world, such as an object or event
54
In classical and operant conditioning what would result in extinction
CC- extinction happens when the CS is presented alone without the UCS too many times. OC- extinction happens when behaviour is no longer reinforced or if a behaviour is punished.
55
What are the strengths of operant and classical conditioning research.
+ Both OC and CC have practical applications. + Highly scientific research was carried out (high internal validity)
56
Explain the different types of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
Positive reinforcement- the introduction of something pleasant Negative reinforcement - the removal of something unpleasant
57
What are the weaknesses of operant and classical conditioning research.
It may be inappropriate to generalise from animal research to humans. Low ecological validity of lab experiments means results may not apply to real life. Ethical issues, animals were exposed to stressful and unpleasant stimuli
58
Explain how each approach explains behaviour.
Learning- behaviour is learned through environment Biological- behaviour is a result of internal bodily processes Cognitive- behaviour is a result of processing information Humanism- behaviour is a product of our free will Psychodynamic- behaviour is caused by the unconscious mind

Psychology (4 decks)

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