Approaches Flashcards
(9 cards)
Wundt:
() Start of SCIENFTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
() Founded Institute of Experimental Psychology
() Structuralism: Isolating the structure of consciousness
() Controlled Studies: Stimuli presented in controlled environment in the same order
(^): Sensations perseption
(^): Introspection
() Development of cultural psychology by identifying trends
Eval:
+ Scientific. STANDARDIZED. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES controlled
- Self reporting
“Emergence as a science”:
() Science: Building knowledge through systematic and objective measurement
() Start with Wundt
() 1900s: Behaviourists: John.B Watson
() 1950s: Cognitive: Mind as a computer
() 1980s: Biological: fMRI and EEG.
Behaviourism
Assumptions:
() Objectivity
() Lab studies
() “Tabula Rasa”
() Behaviour based on past experiences
Classical conditioning:
() Pavlovs dogs: Bell and food
() Conditioned, unconditioned one
Operant:
() Skinners rats
() Behaviour shaped by consequences
() Positive, negative Reinforcement
Eval:
+ TOCKEN ECONOMIES
+ ENVIRONMENTAL DETIRMINISM
+ Well controlled
CC: Simplifies: Ignores human thought
SLT
Assumptions:
() Through conditioning but indirectly
() Operant conditioning (positive, negative reinforcement)
() Indirectly experience ____
Vicarious reinforcement:
() Imitation if behaviour is REWARDED
() Observe behaviour, observe consequences
Mediational processes:
() Attention – Extent of noticing
() Retention – Remembering
() Motor reproduction – Ability to perform behaviour
() Motivation – Do rewards outweigh costs
Identification:
() ROLE MODEL identified
() Role model status through higher social hierarchy and/or similar characteristics
() Child will begin MODELLING the role model
() May not be physically present
Bandura:
() Children more aggressive to Bobo doll after watching adults
Bandura and Walters:
() 3 groups: Rewarded, punished, control group
Eval:
- DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS in lab studies
- Explains cultural differences, how children understand gender role
+ Recognises cognitive factors (Different to behaviourism)
CC: Ignores biological differences, MIRROR NEURONS: Allow learning
Cognitive
Assumptions:
() Study of internal mental processes through INFERENCES
Schema:
() Mental frameworks for interpretation of information
() Babies: Inherent motor schema
() Adults: Sophisticated schema
() Helps process information quickly
() May cause biased recall
Models:
() THEROETICAL: Abstract
() COMPUTER: Concrete
() INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH: Includes models like MSM
() Models used in computation for AI
Cognitive Neuroscience:
() Miller and Gazzinga - 1970
() How neurological structures influence processes
() fMRI and PET scans
() Example: Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area
() Example: Petersen prefrontal cortex different sides LTM
() Example: Parahippocampal gyrus (negative emotions) OCD
() “Brain fingerprinting”: To be used for EWT in court
Eval:
+ Real world application (AI)
- MACHINE REDUCTIONISM, ignores human emotion and motivation
+ Scientific methods. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE has lead to merge of bio and cog
CC: Relies on inference making it too abstract, research uses artificial stimuli
Biological
Assumption:
() Looks at biological structures
() Evolution
Neurochemical Basis:
() Serotonin OCD
() Dopamine schizophrenia
Genetic Basis:
() Twin studies
() MZ, DZ
() Concordance rates
Genotype and phenotype:
() GENOTYPE: Genetic makeup
() PHENOTYPE: Observable characteristics based on genotype and environment
() Example: PKU (Phenylketonuria) genetic disorder: Can be stopped if on restricted diet
Evolution and Behaviour:
() NATURAL SELECTION
() Survival and reproduction
Eval:
() Scientific methods: Use fMRIs and EEGs to investigate biological basis
() Determinist view
() Understanding Neurochemical process lead to antidepressants
CC: Cipriani, compared 21 antidepressant drugs and found “mostly modest”. Bio cant account for everything
Psychodynamic
Unconscious:
() Conscious is “tip of iceberg
() Unconscious: Parts that have been REPRESSED
() Parapraxes: Slips of tongue
() Dreams
() Preconscious: Not in conscious but can be accessed if desired
() Defence mechanisms
() Psychosexual unconscious conflict
Personality structure:
() ID: PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
(^) Unconscious drives and instincts
() Ego: REALITY PRINCIPLE
(^) Defence mechanisms: Denial, displacement, repression
() Superego: MORALITY PRINCIPLE
(^) Moral standards of same sex parents
Psychosexual:
() Conflict
() “Focus of pleasure”
Oral:
() 0-1 years
() Mothers breast
() Consequence: Oral fixation
Anal:
() 1-3 years
() Expelling / withholding
() Consequence: Retentive / expulsive
Phallic:
() 3-6 years
() Genital area
() Consequence: Narcissistic
Latent:
() Earlier conflicts repressed
Genital:
() Sexual desire conscious
() Consequence: Difficulty forming heterosexual relationship
Psychodynamic Eval
Eval:
+ Explains in the past: Moral development, gender identity, personality
- Lacks FALSIFICATION, not open to EMPIRICAL testing, because unconscious
+ Psychotherapy: Led to talking therapies
CC: Inappropriate for serious disorders (schizophrenia)
Humanistic
Free Will:
() Not determinist
() Agents are unique: person-centred
Maslow Hierarchy:
() Physiological needs
() Safety
() Love and belongingness
() Self-esteem
() Self-actualisation
Self actualisation:
() Full potential: Fulfilment, satisfaction in life
() GROWTH NEED (Not deficiency)
() Final stage of Maslow hierarchy
Congruence, self, conditions of self worth:
() Perceived self and ideal self
() Client-centred therapy: Combat conditions of self worth from parents
() Unconditional positive regard
Eval:
+ Positive approach
- Self actualisation: Individualist
+ Holistic
CC: Reductionistic approaches more scientific
