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Josh's Decks > Approaches Assesment > Flashcards

Approaches Assesment Flashcards

1
Q

What three influential psychologists did the learning approach come from

A

Pavlov Skinner and Watson

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2
Q

What are the main assumptions of the learning approach

A
  • All behaviour is learnt and all we have at birth is the capacity to learn
  • a person is the product of their environment and born a blank slate
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3
Q

What does the learning approach argue

A

In order for psychology to be scientific it should focus on observable behaviours which can be objective we measured rather than cognitive processes which can only be inferred

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4
Q

What was Pavlov trying to find out

A

If dogs could learn to celebrate in response to a bell through Association or classical conditioning

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5
Q

Define Extinction in behaviourism

A

If the conditioned stimulus is continually presented without the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response gradually dies out or is extinguished

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6
Q

Define spontaneous recovery in behaviourism

A

If a conditioned response is not reinforced it becomes extinguished but after a period of time the response may suddenly reappear

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7
Q

Define discrimination in behaviourism

A

The conditioned response is produced Only when presented with the original stimulus

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8
Q

Define generalisation in behaviourism

A

It is an extension of conditioned response from the original stimulus to a similar stimulus

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9
Q

Define one trial learning in behaviourism

A

This is when conditioning occurs immediately after one trial

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10
Q

What did Skinner call learning from consequences

A

Operant conditioning

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11
Q

What is Skinners Theory

A

That the likelihood of future behaviour is determined by the consequences of past behaviour

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12
Q

What are Primary reinforcers

A

Something that fills biological needs

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13
Q

What are secondary reinforcers

A

Something that gives you the biological requirement

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14
Q

Give two different schedules of reinforcement

A

Continuous- this is where you are rewarded every time you do a behaviour
Fixed ration- this is why you are given a reward after a certain number of responses

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15
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by giving pleasant consequences

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16
Q

Example of positive reinforcement in Skinners research

A

In Skinners research he demonstrated positive reinforcement by the rat pressing a lever that dispenses food. The presentation of food for fills the biological need and has acted as a positive reinforcement for the desired behaviour of the rat pressing the lever.

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17
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant

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18
Q

Example of negative reinforcement in Skinners research

A

This was demonstrated in Skinners research when the cage was set up so that the floor would be electrified and the lever now switches off the current eventually the learns to press the lever immediately when the current is turned on. This was not positive reinforcement as Skinner was not rewarding the rat with something it liked rather reinforcing the behaviour by taking away something it didn’t like

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19
Q

Example of negative reinforcement in Skinners research

A

This was demonstrated in Skinners research when the cage was set up so that the floor would be electrified and the lever now switches off the current eventually the learns to press the lever immediately when the current is turned on. This was not positive reinforcement as Skinner was not rewarding the rat with something it liked rather reinforcing the behaviour by taking away something it didn’t like

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20
Q

Define punishment

A

Decreasing the frequency of an undesired behaviour by giving unpleasant consequences

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21
Q

Example of punishment in Skinners research

A

Skinner change the mechanism so that when the rat presses the lever instead of food is giving electric shock to its poor that will stop pressing the lever and the electric shock cause actor the punishment which had the effect of weakening and extinguishing the lever pressing behaviour

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22
Q

What did Albert bandura do with the learning approach and what did he agree with

A

Hira find some of the ideas from the learning approach and agreed that we learn directly through CC and OC but also indirectly through imitating role models

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23
Q

Define imitation

A

Copying the behaviours of others

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24
Q

Define identification

A

When the Observer associate themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

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25
Q

Define modelling

A

From the observers perspective it is imitating the behaviour of the role model from the role models perspective it is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by The Observer

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26
Q

Define vicarious reinforcement

A

This is when an individual observes a role model being rewarded for a behaviour which then they are motivated to imitate hoping to receive a similar reward

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27
Q

Define Vicarious punishment

A

When an individual observes a role model being punished for a behaviour they are then motivated to avoid doing this so they don’t receive a similar punishment

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28
Q

What are the four mediational processes in social learning theory

A

Attention- extent to which they noticed certain behaviours
retention- how well the behaviour is remembered
reproduction- the ability of the Observer to perform the behaviour
motivation- the will to perform the behaviour which is often determined by the reward or punishment

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29
Q

Summarise bandura’s research

A
  • 36 boys and 36 girls in matched pairs on aggression levels
  • three conditions, violent model, non-violent and Central
  • observed to see if model affected behaviour with a doll
  • child who had an aggressive role model was significantly more aggressive to the doll
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30
Q

Assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

All behaviour is driven by internal mental processes and we process information in a linear systematic way

31
Q

What does the cognitive approach use scientific research methods to study

A

Observable and measurable behaviours that can have inferences made on them

32
Q

What is an inference

A

It is an informed assumption

33
Q

What does the information-processing approach believe

A

It believes we process information in a linear systematic way.

34
Q

What does the information processing approach see human mind similar to

A

It sees human mind similar to computers complete with hardware which is the organic matter in your skull and software which are the cognitive processes like memory. It says that we code and have different stores to hold information

35
Q

Define schema

A

A cognitive structure which contains knowledge about an object person activity or even roles based on experience full stop these beliefs and expectations help us make sense of the world

36
Q

Which famous psychologist adopted the term schema

A

Jean piaget

37
Q

What does the extent to which are schemas are similar to others depend on

A

it depends in a large part on the extent of our shared experience for instance people of a similar age and cultural background may have similar schema to ask but those with significantly different experiences of the world may differ

38
Q

What is a problem with schemas helping us fill in the gaps in the absence of full information

A

This is an issue because it can lead to the creation of stereotypes that we find difficult to challenge as we are likely to exclude information that does not conform to a pre-existing beliefs and ideas

39
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience look for

A

The physical basis of actual cognitive processes

40
Q

Explain post mortems and the cognitive processes identified using this method

A

Post-mortem examination is an invasive study after death. The broca’s area involved with speech production was identified using this method

41
Q

Explain fmri and the cognitive processes identified using this method

A

Fmri the study of flow of blood to parts of the brain and produce a moving image the cognitive processes identified using this method are Alzheimer’s and Strokes

42
Q

Explain eeg and the cognitive processes identified using this method

A

P J’s include electrons which pick up an impulse across someone’s scalp. They have helped to identify epilepsy and sleep disorders in patients

43
Q

Who founded the psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud

44
Q

When treating some middle-class women what revelation did he have

A

That if you just talk to patients they can get better

45
Q

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

That all of our behaviour can be motivated by unconscious Motives and events that occur in early childhood

46
Q

What does the Conscious mind consist of

A

It consists of thoughts we are aware of this includes our perceptions and everyday thoughts

47
Q

What does the preconscious consist of

A

This includes memories and stored knowledge that we can access if needed

48
Q

What does the unconscious consist of

A

This consists of information which is very hard or even impossible to retrieve this includes fears, Instincts, distressing or embarrassing material as well as traumatic experiences

49
Q

What is the role of the unconscious

A

The role of this type is to direct and motivate behaviour without conscious awareness but also to protect us from embarrassing material that would damage the psyche if recalled into conscious

50
Q

Name the three structures of Personality

A

The id
the ego
the superego

51
Q

Describe the id and it’s principle

A

It is a selfish beast which only cares about instant gratification and is based on the pleasure principle

52
Q

Describe the ego and its principal

A

This is the executive of personality and it finds the balance between the ID and superego it is based on the reality principle and uses defence mechanisms

53
Q

Describe the superego and it’s principle

A

The superego is the ideal ego it is all based on doing the right things and opposes desire and increases moral restrictions it is based on the morality

54
Q

Describe displacement

A

Redirection of an impulse onto a powerless substitute target

55
Q

Define repression

A

This is where the mind removes the traumatic memory so that it is not experienced

56
Q

Define sublimation

A

This is the transformation of an impulse into a physical activity

57
Q

What are the psychosexual stages and the age at which they occur

A

Oral stage; 0-1
Anal stage; 1-3
Phallic stage; 3-6
Latent stage; 6+

58
Q

Characteristics of the oral stage and pleasure source

A

The the source of pleasure is through putting things in your mouth if trauma occurs in childhood in this stage if they can become more argumentative and may have eating disorders

59
Q

Characteristics of anal stage and pleasure

A

Pleasure is gains through the excretion and holding of faeces if trauma is caused in this stage then the people may become anally retentive or anally expulsive

60
Q

Characteristics of the phallic stage and pleasure source

A

Pleasure and gratification is gained through the touching of one’s genital region in this stage boys will develop the Oedipus Complex and girls who developed the electra complex

61
Q

Characteristics of the latent stage

A

This involves the sexual repression of Oedipus or electra complex

62
Q

Characteristics of the genital state

A

This is where someone will have Desire for peers and Direct Pursuit of genital erogenous zone stimulation

63
Q

Assumptions of the humanistic approach

A
  • that people are born with free will and wish to fulfil their potential
  • People are basically good and have any to make themselves and the world
64
Q

Why is the humanistic approach less scientific than other approaches

A

This is because it often relies on subjective judgements or deals with Concepts that are difficult to measure empirically

65
Q

Why is the humanistic approach more holistic

A

This is because it considers all factors and addresses the understanding of human behaviour in a more personal way

66
Q

What are the 5 parts of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
Physiological 
safety
Love and belonging
esteem
Self actualisation

PS; laughing eels sting

67
Q

Define free will

A

Acting without constraint

68
Q

Define self-actualisation

A

Psychological growth fufillment and satisfaction in life

69
Q

How can the self be described

A

How you perceive yourself as a person

70
Q

What is ideal, actual and perceived self

A

Ideal; how you want to be
Actual; who you actually are
Perceived; how others perceive you

71
Q

What is congruence

A

The degree of similarity between a person’s ideal self and their imagined real self

72
Q

Define conditions of worth

A

These are the conditions imposed on an individual’s character that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others

73
Q

What did Rogers believe about the influence of the humanistic approach on counselling

A

He believes that with counselling people would be able to solve their own problems in constructive ways and moved towards becoming a more functioning person

74
Q

What does Rogers claim the role of the counsellor using the humanistic approach is to do

A

It is to facilitate rather than Direct and the goal of therapy is to help the individual understand themselves

Josh's Decks (10 decks)

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