Schizophrenia Flashcards
Outline inter-rater reliability and and what did Becks et al find
This type of reliability occurs when conditions make identical diagnosis of the same patient
Beck at al found that when a group of 153 patients with schizophrenia were assessed by two different psychiatrist the diagnosis agreement rate was only 54%
Outline test retest reliability and what did read(2004) find
This external reliability occurs when conditions make the same schizophrenic diagnosis of the patient on separate occasions from the same information
Read reported that test-retest analysis is as low as 37% of schizophrenia. Which is concerning when we consider the potential for false positives and false negatives this could create
What did farmer do to increase reliability for diagnosing schizophrenia
Farmer came up with standardised interview technique called the present state examination which increases reliability of diagnosing schizophrenia focusing on the frequency and severity of symptoms
Outline unreliable symptoms and what did mojtabi and Nicholson find
L 50 senior psychologist what asked to decide bizarre vs non bizarre delusions they found that there was only an interrater reliability of about 0.4%.
Bonus information is that the dsm-v has now strict this criteria from its diagnostic guide for schizophrenia as it was hard to differentiate between these different delusions as it created too many issues
Outline validity with comorbidity and what did Buckley et al find
Comorbidity refers to when two conditions coexist in the same individual at the same time I’m i e when two disorders have a tendency to coexist alongside each other hence some patients with schizophrenia can be accurately diagnosed in two ways. If a person is showing social withdrawal than it is hard to tell if it is part of depression or schizophrenia.
Buckley identified comorbid conditions with schizophrenia subtypes 15% had panic disorders 29% PTSD/ 22% had OCD/ 50% had depression
Outline overlapping symptoms and what did konstantares and hemitt find
Schizophrenia share symptoms with other conditions which could lead to an invalid / unreliable diagnosis as not all symptoms are exclusive to schizophrenia.
The psychologist found when comparing 14 male autistic patients with 14 male schizophrenic sufferers none of the schizophrenic patients had symptoms of autism that 50% of autistic patients had symptoms of schizophrenia
Outland predictive validity and what did Bleuler find
Predictive validity concerns the extent to which the diagnosis of schizophrenia can actually predict the development treatment and prognosis of the disorder
He found that with 2000 schizophrenic sufferers most severe symptoms occurred in early childhood during the five years on set thus there is too much variety in the outcomes of schizophrenia and such predictability remains low.
Cultural interpretations of schizophrenia and what did malgady find
Some research shows that religious and cultural groups have a marked effect on perceptions of schizophrenia and what can be seen as insane in one culture may be highly desirable in another
In Costa Rican culture they see hearing voices as the spirits talking to an individual but in the US it is a core symptom of schizophrenia
negative cultural attitudes to schizophrenia and what did Kim and berrios find
Psychological stress and mental health issues attract different levels of stigma
They found that in the Asian language for the term schizophrenia is translated as a disease of and disorganised mind. Because of the term having so much stigma doctors are reluctant to tell patients and only 20% actually received a diagnosis
Culture of the clinician affects the diagnosis of schizophrenia and what did Copeland find
The actual nationality of the clinician can create reliability and validity issues when diagnosing schizophrenia.
Copeland found in a study using 134 us and 194 British traditions only 69% of the US connections gave a diagnosis to a patient and only 2% of British clinicians game of diagnosis to the same patient.
How race discrimination is evident in diagnosing schizophrenia and what did the blake find
Researchers employed that some nationalities or countries I have considerably more or less cases of schizophrenia than other they suggest that mental health professionals perceive diverse cultural groups and ethnic groups very differently.
Blake and clinicians are 6 times more likely to diagnose someone as having schizophrenia if they are African American than white
Outline the problem with gender bias and diagnosis and what did Nasser find
And diagnosis the gender of the patient and clinician has been seen to wrongfully impact on whether or not someone received a diagnosis
Nasser concluded that early research of schizophrenia was only conducted on men and thus the findings it inappropriate for women.
Outline under diagnosing female patient suffering of schizophrenia and what did loring and Powell find
Some research suggested that women actually go under diagnosed in comparison to men
Loring and Powell randomly selected 290 men and female psychologists to read two cases and offer judgement full stop when described as male. 56% overdiagnosis as having schizophrenia but only 20% when female
In terms of genetic inheritance what did Ripke report
That there are 108 genetic variants which could mediate a vulnerability to the disorder
In terms of genetic inheritance what did Joseph find
There is a 40% concordance rate skips Linea in monozygotic twins only a 7% concordance rate in dizygotic twins
