Approaches- Comparison Of Approaches Flashcards
What is the psychodynamic view of development?
The psychodynamic approach presents a coherent theory of development through psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital), with little development after the genital stage in adolescence.
How does the cognitive approach explain development?
The cognitive approach focuses on stage theories, such as Piaget’s, where children develop increasingly complex schema as they age, contributing to intellectual growth.
What is the biological approach’s view on development?
The biological approach emphasizes maturation, where genetically determined physiological changes influence psychological and behavioral development.
What is the behaviorist and social learning theory view on development?
These approaches do not propose stage theories but see learning processes (e.g., conditioning, observation) as continuous and applicable at any age.
How does humanistic psychology view development?
Humanistic psychologists see development as ongoing throughout life, with a child’s relationship with parents being a key determinant of psychological health.
What is the behaviorist and social learning theory view on development?
These approaches do not propose stage theories but see learning processes (e.g., conditioning, observation) as continuous and applicable at any age.
How does the psychodynamic approach balance nature and nurture?
Freud emphasized biological drives (nature) but also highlighted the role of early relationships with parents (nurture) in shaping development.
What is the humanistic perspective on nature vs. nurture?
Humanistic psychologists focus on nurture, particularly the influence of parents, friends, and society on self-concept and personal growth.
How does the cognitive approach view nature vs. nurture?
Cognitive psychologists recognize innate information-processing abilities (nature) but also emphasize how these are refined through experience (nurture).
What is the behaviorist view on nature vs. nurture?
Behaviorists see humans as “blank slates” at birth, with all behavior learned through associations, reinforcement, or observation (nurture).
What is the biological approach’s view on nature vs. nurture?
The biological approach argues that behavior is determined by genetic inheritance and innate biological factors (nature).
What is reductionism?
Reductionism is the belief that behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller, simpler components.
How is behaviorism reductionist?
Behaviorism reduces complex behavior to stimulus-response units for testing in controlled environments.
How is the biological approach reductionist?
The biological approach reduces behavior to genetic, neural, and physiological processes.
How is the psychodynamic approach reductionist?
The psychodynamic approach reduces behavior to unconscious drives and instincts, though it also considers the interaction of id, ego, and superego as somewhat holistic.
How is the cognitive approach reductionist?
The cognitive approach is accused of machine reductionism, viewing humans as information-processing systems and ignoring emotional influences.
How is social learning theory reductionist?
Social learning theory reduces learning to key processes like imitation and modeling but includes cognitive factors and environmental interactions.
How does humanistic psychology differ in its approach?
Humanistic psychology is holistic, considering the whole person and their interactions with others and society.
What is determinism?
Determinism is the belief that all behavior has internal or external causes and is predictable.
How is behaviorism deterministic?
Behaviorism sees behavior as environmentally determined by external influences beyond individual control.
How is the biological approach deterministic?
The biological approach advocates genetic determinism, where behavior is directed by innate biological factors.
How is the psychodynamic approach deterministic?
The psychodynamic approach emphasizes psychic determinism, where unconscious forces drive behavior, which is rationalized by the conscious mind.
What is the cognitive approach’s view on determinism?
The cognitive approach adopts soft determinism, suggesting that while we choose our thoughts and behaviors, these choices are limited by our knowledge and experiences.
What is reciprocal determinism in social learning theory?
Reciprocal determinism, proposed by Bandura, suggests that while we are influenced by the environment, we also influence it through our behaviors.
