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Psych Paper 2 > Approaches: Comparisons of approaches > Flashcards

Approaches: Comparisons of approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 comparisons for approaches?

A

Nature v Nurture
Holism v Reductionism
Free will v Determinism
Commitment to scientific method

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2
Q

What approaches favour the nature side of the nature/nurture debate?

A

Biological

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3
Q

What evidence is there to show that the biological approach favours the nature side?

A

The activity of genes, hormones and neurotransmitters is inherited/ innate.

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4
Q

What approaches favour the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate?

A

Behaviorist
SLT
Humanistic

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5
Q

What evidence is there to show that the behaviourist approach favours the nurture side?

A

Behaviour is learnt through experience (stimulus-response links)
Nurture

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6
Q

What evidence is there to show that SLT favours the nature side?

A

Behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of an identified role model within a social context.

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7
Q

What evidence is there to show that the humanistic approach favours the nature side?

A

A lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood, due to implemented conditions of worth, leads to low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness

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8
Q

What approaches favour both sides of the nature/nurture debate?

A

Cognitive
Psychodynamic

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9
Q

What evidence is there to show that the cognitive approach favours the both sides?

A

Babies are born with a select few innate schemas (e.g., schemas) but develop other sophisticated schemas over time.

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10
Q

What evidence is there to show that the psychodynamic approach favours the both sides?

A

Focuses on the nature side of human behaviour in the unconscious forces and the conflicts that we must all deal with.

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11
Q

What approaches favour the holistic side of the holism v reductionism?

A

Humanistic

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12
Q

What evidence is there for holism in the humanistic approach?

A

the whole, subjective human experience is used to study behaviour without formulating general laws.

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13
Q

What approaches favour the reductionist side of the holism v reductionism?

A

Behaviourist
SLT
Cognitive
Biological
Psychodynamic

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14
Q

What evidence is there for reductionism in the behaviourist approach?

A

Environmental Reductionism – all behaviour is explained in terms of simple stimulus-response links.

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15
Q

What evidence is there for reductionism in SLT approach?

A

Reductionist view that behaviour can be explained in terms of classical conditions, operant conditioning and vicarious reinforcement.

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16
Q

What evidence is there for reductionism in the cognitive approach?

A

Reductionist view that behaviour can be explained in terms of influence of schemas.

17
Q

What evidence is there for reductionism in the biological approach?

A

Biological reductionism – behaviour can only be explained by the actions of genes, hormones and neurotransmitters

18
Q

What evidence is there for reductionism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

Reductionist as it relies on a basic set of structures that attempt to simplify the complexity of the mind.

19
Q

What approaches favour the free will side of free will v determinism?

A

Humanistic

20
Q

What evidence is there for free will in the humanistic approach?

A

Humans are free to reject external forces that operate on us because we are ‘masters ‘of our own development.

21
Q

What approaches favour the determinism side of the free will v determinism debate?

A

Behaviourist
SLT
Cognitive
Biological
Psychodynamic

22
Q

What evidence is there for determinism in the behaviourist approach?

A

Environmental Determinism – all behaviour is the result of classical and operant conditioning, where we have no conscious insight into our behaviour.

23
Q

What evidence is there for determinism in SLT approach?

A

Reciprocal Determinism – We operate on the environment, but the environment in turn operates on us.

24
Q

What evidence is there for determinism in the cognitive approach?

A

Soft Determinism – We are free to make conscious decisions and reason with the limit of what we know/ our cognitive system.

25
Q

What evidence is there for determinism in the biological approach?

A

Biological Determinism – All behaviour is caused by internal biological forces, which we have no control over.

26
Q

What evidence is there for determinism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

Psychic Determinism – views behaviour as entirely caused by unconscious emotional drives over which we have no control over.

27
Q

What approaches show a negative commitment to the scientific method?

A

Humanistic

28
Q

What evidence is there to show that the humanistic approach has a negative commitment to the scientific method?

A

Humanistic psychologists argue that scientific research methods are derived from a suited for the natural sciences but aren’t appropriate for the complexities of human consciousness and experience.

29
Q

What approaches show a positive commitment to the scientific method?

A

Behaviourist
SLT
Cognitive
Biological
Psychodynamic

30
Q

What evidence is there to show that the behaviourist approach has a positive commitment to the scientific method?

A

Highly objective and experimentally based – by focusing only on responses that can be accurately measured.

31
Q

What evidence is there to show that SLT has a positive commitment to the scientific method?

A

Research investigations are reliable and allow a cause and effect to be drawn. However, this does mean that that research tends to be carried out in artificial settings and so can lack validity.

32
Q

What evidence is there to show that the cognitive approach has a positive commitment to the scientific method?

A

Most prepositions can be easily tested. However, mental processes are largely unobservable.

33
Q

What evidence is there to show that the biological approach has a positive commitment to the scientific method?

A

The influence of neurotransmitters in a behaviour can be investigated by administering drugs which change the levels of a particular neurotransmitter in the brain and then measuring any change in behaviour.

34
Q

What approaches show a mixed commitment to the scientific method?

A

Psychodynamic

35
Q

What evidence is there to show that the psychodynamic approach has a mixed commitment to the scientific method?

A

Some aspects of this approach are open to scientific investigation, there tends to be a much greater reliance on case studies and subjective interpretation.

Psych Paper 2 (19 decks)

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