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Approaches in psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology known as?

A

The scientific study of the mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Name the 5 approaches in psychology?

A

Behavioural, cognitive, biological, psychodynamic and humanistic

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3
Q

What was William Wundt known as?

A

The farther of experimental psychology

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4
Q

In 1879 what did William Wundt do?

A

Opened the first institution for experimental psychology in Germany. He separated psychology from philosophy and focused on studying the mind in a more structures and scientific way

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5
Q

What method did Wundt develop?

A

Introspection

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6
Q

What is introspection?

A

Psychological method which involves analysing your own thoughts and feelings internally

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7
Q

Name 2 problems with introspection.

A

It doesn’t explain how the mind works, it relies on people describing their own thoughts and feelings, which isn’t objective and doesn’t provide data that can be used reliably

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8
Q

Wundt believed in reductionism, what is it?

A

Idea that things can be reduced to simple cause and effect processes

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9
Q

What are the 5 features that make something a science?

A

Objectivity, control, predictability, hypothesis testing and replication

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10
Q

What is one argument for psychology being a science?

A

Allport (1947) said psychology has the same aims as a science to predict, understand and control.

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11
Q

What is one argument against psychology being a science?

A

They use unreliable methods to study the data and it is hard to get a representative sample of the population for a study so findings can’t be generalised.

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12
Q

When did behaviourism start, and who developed it?

A

1900s by John Watson

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13
Q

What are the 3 assumptions made about behaviourism?

A

1)Nearly all behaviour is leant there’s only a couple of exceptions like inborn reflexes/instincts
2) Animals and humans learn in the same ways we learn by the same principles based on stimulus-response associations (rejection of internal mental processes)
3) The ‘mind’ is irrelevant

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14
Q

Who studies classical conditioning in dogs?

A

Ivan Pavlov (1900s)

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15
Q

Explain what Pavlov did.

A

Before conditioning: A certain stimulus like food is the UCS and triggers a natural reflex like salvation
During conditioning: UCS repeatedly presented with another stimulus like a bell (NS)which triggers salivation UCR
After conditioning: Overtime the bell presented by itself (CS) triggers salivation (CR)

Suggesting they had formed a temporal association

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16
Q

How can Pavlov’s experiment be related to human development?

A

Having its needs dealt with and gaining comfort naturally makes a baby happy, but being happy is an inborn reflex its not learnt. Comfort is an UCS that produces happiness which is an UCR, the babies mother will talk to it while she feeds it and changes its nappy so the mothers voice becomes the CS producing the CR of being happy

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17
Q

What are the 5 principles of classical conditioning?

A

Generalisation, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery and higher order conditioning

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18
Q

What is the key idea behind classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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19
Q

In CC what is generalisation?

A

When stimuli similar to the original CS produce the CR

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20
Q

In CC what is discrimination?

A

When stimuli similar to the original CS don’t produce the CR, this can be achieved by withholding the UCS when the similar stimulus is used

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21
Q

In CC what is extinction?

A

When the CR isn’t produces as a result of the CS, this happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS following it

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22
Q

In CC what is spontaneous recovery?

A

When a previously extinct CR is produced in response to the CS, this happens when the CS is presented again after a period of time during which its not been used

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23
Q

In CC what is higher order conditioning?

A

When a new CS produces the CR as the animal associates it with the original CS. This can be achieved by consistently presenting the new CS before the original CS

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24
Q

Who investigated operant conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner

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25
Q

What study is Skinner famous for?

A

Skinner box with the rats

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26
Q

What is the main idea behind operant conditioning?

A

Learning as a result of consequences of their actions

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27
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When something ‘desirable’ is obtained in response to doing something (chocolate bar given to well behaved student)

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28
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When something ‘undesirable’ is removed when something happens (no homework given if they pass the test)

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29
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of conditioning?

A

Conditioning can’t explain all human behaviour, most studies are done on animals making generalisation hard and genetics seem to influence and limit what different species can learn by conditioning

Environmentally Reductionist

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30
Q

Who conducted the experiment on ‘Little Albert’ and in what year?

A

Watson and Rayner (1920)

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31
Q

Name 3 things that have been discovered through experiments on humans.

A

Our genes influence behaviour,
we can learn in ways other than conditioning and mental,
cognitive processes are relevant to understanding behaviour

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32
Q

Who developed the Social Learning Theory and when?

A

Bandura in 1960s

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33
Q

What does the SLT agree with?

A

The idea that people can learn by conditioning but also claims that they learn a lot from role models, people must focus their attention on the the role model, perceive what they do and remember it in order to learn how to do it

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34
Q

What is modelling?

A

Involves observing and imitating another person, it requires identification with the model where certain characteristics are picked up on

Can learn from live models (people around us) or symbolic models (people in books or on tv)

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35
Q

Name 2 ways the behaviours can be learnt (SLT)?

A

Reinforcement- positive or negative makes the behaviour more likely to happen in the future and Vicarious reinforcement

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36
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Seeing others being rewarded for a behaviour influences someone in whether they choose to imitate the behaviour

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37
Q

Name the 4 meditational processes.

A

Attention, retention-remembering what was observed, motor reproduction, ability to reproduce the behaviour and motivation, evaluate the direct or indirect results of imitating the behaviour

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38
Q

What type of theory is SLT?

A

Reductionalist

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39
Q

What does it mean that SLT is reductionist?

A

Explains things through very basic cause and effect mechanisms, explaining behaviour as a result of learning from others and ignores any biological explanations

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40
Q

What were some of the main comments made about Bandura’s study into SLT?

A

That it shows reinforcements isn’t needed for learning, that bobo dolls are meant for aggressive plat and your meant to hit them and that it emphasises learning as the case of behaviour and so is on the nature side of the nature-nurture debate.

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41
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

How we interpret the world

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42
Q

What does the cognitive approach study?

A

Explains the mind through cognitive processes, which is all about how we think. It uses experimental procedures and methods to test behaviour

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43
Q

In the cognitive approach what can the mind be compared to?

A

A computer, humans are treated as information processors and the theoretical models are used to explain and make inferences about the mental processes that lead to certain behaviours

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44
Q

What are the 3 main research methods that cognitive psychologists use?

A

Lab experiments, field experiments and natural experiments

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45
Q

What are the 3 principles behind the cognitive approach?

A

Our mental systems have a limited capacity, a control mechanism oversees all mental processes and there is a two-way flow of information

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46
Q

What do cognitive psychologist use to represent particular features of the human mind?

A

Computer models

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47
Q

Explain how the computer models show features of the human mind?

A

The brain is the processor it has data input into it and output from it. Some parts of the brain from networks but some can work sequential meaning that one process must finish before the other starts and they all work in parallel too

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48
Q

What are they differences between humans and computers?

A

Humans are influenced by emotions and motivational factors, humans have an unlimited and unreliable memory but computers have a limited but reliable memory humans also have free will

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49
Q

What does a schema consist of?

A

All information you know about an object, action or concept

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50
Q

What do schemas help you do?

A

Organise and interpret information and experiences

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51
Q

Explain how schemas work.

A

When information is consistent with a schema, it is assimilated into the schema. When information is inconsistent within a schema accommodation occurs and the schema has too change in order to resolve the problem

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of schema?

A

Role, event and self schemas

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53
Q

What is as role schema?

A

These are ideas about the behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role

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54
Q

What is an event schema?

A

These are also called scrips and contains information about what happened in a situation

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55
Q

What is a self schema?

A

These contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality, as well as beliefs and values

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56
Q

Name a problem with schemas?

A

They can stop people from learning new information

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57
Q

When did neuroscience begin to develop?

A

1970s

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58
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

An approach which maps human behaviour to brain function

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59
Q

What has brain-imaging techniques allowed psychologists to discover?

A

When and where things happen in the brain in relation to peoples behaviour at the time

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60
Q

Name 3 types of cognitive neuroscience.

A

Lesion studies (look at people with brain damage to see how behaviour is effected), electrophysiology (using electric and magnetic fields to measure brain activity) and neuroimaging

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61
Q

Name 2 strength of the cognitive approach.

A

It considers mental processes which are overlooked in other approaches and has a big influence on the development of therapies

62
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the cognitive approach.

A

Research is often carried out in artificial situations and fails to take individual differences into account

63
Q

what are the 3 basic assumptions of the biological approach

A

1) Human behaviour can be explained y looking at biological stuff such as hormones and genetics
2) if we explain all behaviour using biological causes, unwanted behaviour could be modified or removed using biological treatments (medication)
3) experimental research conducted using animals can inform us about human behaviour and biological influences

64
Q

what do genes contain

A

info that makes us unique in appearence

65
Q

what is darwins theory of evolution

A

Suggests overtime individuals who are better adapted to their environment through having better genes are more likely to survive to reproduce and pass on their useful genes
those who are less-well adapted will be less likely yo survive and reproduce and pass on their genes through natural selection

66
Q

whats the genotype

A

genes that they have

67
Q

what do faulty genes cause

A

some diseases that have psychological effects (huntingtons disease)

68
Q

whats the phenotype

A

characteristics their genes produce

69
Q

what do biological psychologicals claim

A

genetics can explain “psychological traits”, these are things like gender, behaviour, personality and sexual orientation

they also study genetics to see which genes make some people more likely to develop things like mental illness or addictions

70
Q

whats good for biological psychologists to study

A

twin and adoption studies

71
Q

give an example of a twin study

A

gottesman (1991) a meta analysis of twin studies

72
Q

why are twin studies good

A

Identical twins share 100% of their genes so in theory is someone has a mental disorder then they should both suffer from it but this isnt always the case

73
Q

what is an example of an adoption study

A

Heston (1966) an adoption study of schizophernia

74
Q

what are the 5 basic brain scanning techniques

A

1) PET scans
2) CAT scans
3) MRI scans
4) Functional MRI scans
5) SQUID magnetometry

75
Q

what do PET scans do

A

Shows which part of the brain is active during different tasks, by studying PET scans we can link certain areas of the brain with particular functions

76
Q

what does SQUID magentomery do

A

Produces accurate images of brain activity by measuring magnetic fields generated when neurons are activated

77
Q

what is a study based on evidence from MRI scans

A

Maguire et al (2000) A study of taxi drivers’ brains

78
Q

Give an example of an area of memory that has investigated brain structure

A

In a case study, Milner et al (1957) found that HM was unable to use his Long-term memory effectively, suggesting that hippocampus has an important role here

79
Q

Give an example in psychopathology of when brain structure has been investigated

A

Szeszko et al (1995) found differences in the prefrontal cortex when comparing people with and without sz suggesting relationship between them

80
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

All about the nervous system and neurotransmitters
Biological approach looks at the role they might play in explaining behaviour

81
Q

what are the effects of neurotransmitters on behaviour (bio approach)

A

Too much or too little of a particular NT may produce psychological disorders (increased dopamine linked to sz)
Some bio psychologists investigated the impact NT have on behaviour

82
Q

what are the strengths of the biological approach

A

1) Approach can provide evidence to support or disprove a theory- very scientific
2) If a bio cause can be found for mental health problems or for unwanted behaviour such as aggression then biological treatments can be developed to help individuals

83
Q

what are 2 weaknesses of the biological approach

A

1) The approach doesn’t take into account the influence of peoples environment their families childhood experiences or social situations other approaches see these as being important
2) Using bio explanation for neg behaviour can lead to individuals or groups avoiding taking personal or social responsibility for their behaviour

84
Q

in psychodynamic approach whats meant by ‘psycho’ and ‘dynamic’

A

‘psycho’ refer to the mind
‘dynamic’ refers to change or activity

85
Q

who developed psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

86
Q

What does the psychodynamic assume (3)

A

1) Human behaviour has unconscious causes that we aren’t aware of
2) From birth, humans have a need to fulfil basic biological motivations (food, sleep)
3) Childhood experiences are really important influence on the development of adult personality and psychological disorders

87
Q

Freud said there was 3 levels of consciousness what are they

A

conscious, preconscious and unconscious

88
Q

what is the conscious level of consciouness

A

this is what we are aware of at any given time

89
Q

what is the preconscious level of consciousness

A

this is made up of memories that we can recall when we want to (phone number)

90
Q

what is the unconscious level of consciousness

A

this is made up of memories and fears which causes us extreme anxiety and have therefore been ‘repressed’ or forced out of conscious awareness

91
Q

what are the 3 parts of personality that freud defined

A

the id, ego and superego

92
Q

what is the id

A

basic animal part of the personality that contains out innate aggressive and sexual instincts it wants to be satisfied by whatever means possible and obeys the ‘pleasure principle’

93
Q

what is the ego

A

Exists in both the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind and acts as a rational part known as the ‘reality principle’ develops within the first 3 years after birth and balances the id and the super ego to keep out behaviour in line

94
Q

what is the superego

A

Both conscious and unconscious part of the mind this is the part of the mins that takes out morals into consideration and is involved in making us feeling guilty
around 4-5years of age when develops

95
Q

what governs the way that we think

A

different levels of consciousness

96
Q

what can we use to visualise the personality

A

ice berg
tip is conscious

97
Q

what did freud believe about the different parts of consciousness

A

they can be in conflict because the id wants instant satisfaction, whilst the superego tries to impose morals
these conflicts can lead to anxiety then its the egos job to mediate between the id and the superego to reduce this anxiety

98
Q

How do superego to reduce this anxiety

A

through several unconscious defence mechanisms

99
Q

what are the 3 unconscious defence mechanisms

A

repression, denial and displacement

100
Q

what is repression

A

Involves the ego stopping unwanted and possibly painful thoughts from becoming conscious

101
Q

what is denial

A

Where a threatening event or unwanted reality is simply ignored and blocked from conscious awareness

102
Q

what is displacement

A

displacement happens when a negative impulses is redirected onto something else (person or object)

103
Q

what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development

A

oral
anal
phallic
latent
gential

there’s an unconscious conflict at each stage which much be resolved before the best stages is reached

104
Q

when is the oral stage present and what is a characteristics of it

A

0-18mths sucking behaviour
focuses of pleasure is the mouth and mothers breast is the focus desire

105
Q

when is the anal stage present and what is a characteristics of it

A

18mths-3.5 yrs and keeping or discarding faeces
focus of pleasure is the anus and child focuses on withholding or expelling faeces

106
Q

when is the phallic stage present and what is a characteristics of it

A

3.5-6yrs and genital fixation, oedipus and electra complex

focus pleasure is genitals

107
Q

when is the latent stage present and what is a characteristics of it

A

6yrs-puberty
repressed sexual urges
previous conflicts are resolved and early year are largely forgotten

108
Q

when is the genital stage present and what is a characteristics of it

A

puberty-adult awakened sexual urges

109
Q

What’s the definition of a science

A

Discovering the physical and natural world systematically and objectively using empirical methods such as observation and experimentation

110
Q

what is objectivity

A

absence of bias in research which can significantly impact a study design

111
Q

what’s empiricism

A

idea that scientists must base their conclusions on data collected from the world
not just accepting theory or logical arguments

112
Q

what was wundt interested in

A

research was called structuralism an attempt to uncover hidden structure of the mind by describing it in terms of its simplest definable components

much of his work focused on structure of sensation abs perception
experimental methods called introspection

113
Q

what was the process of introspection

A

1) participants trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible
2) participants would be asked to focus on sensory object often a ticking metronome
3) participants would systematically report their experiences of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements participants would focus inward and report sensations feelings and images

Wundt made inferences not direct observations of mental processes

114
Q

what’s positive evaluations about wundts effects on psychology

A

highly scientific due to controlled experiments systematic approach allowed him to develop general theories of mental processes and enabled others to replicate his findings

use of inferences influenced cognitive psychologists

one of the first to argue that behaviours are determined so they have a cause that can be studied objectively

115
Q

what’s some negative evaluations about wundts effects on psychology

A

introspection considered to be subjective and not truly scientific can’t accurately report on their own mental states

inferences have been criticised as assumptions so could be mistaken

116
Q

what so behaviours argue

A

behaviour is learnt through experiences and interactions with the environment

environmentally determined

117
Q

difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

classical: involuntary response more of a reflex like response and are automatic about acquisition of a response

operant: voluntary response controlled by an organism about maintaining a response

118
Q

pos evaluations for behaviourist approach

A

scientific objectively observe and measure stimulus-reinsert mechanisms
standardised procedures
practical applications such as effective counter conditioning

119
Q

What does humanistic approach focus on

A

The individual and the person as a whole

120
Q

What do humanistic approach believe

A

That all people are inherently good and that they are driven to achieve their full potential
It takes into account the feelings of the individual rather than just their observable behaviour it treats every person as unique

Persons behaviour is caused by their subjective feelings and their thoughts about themselves es especially about how they can become better people and learn new things

121
Q

In terms of issues and debates what sides is the humanistic approach on

A

Idiographic rather than nomothetic (studying the individual rather than producing general rules which come from summarising a group of people)
Free will
Holistic

122
Q

What does the humanistic approach disagree with

A

Ideas of other approaches which assumes that human behaviour occurs in cause and effect relationships instead believes in free will and that people can choose how to act not caused by external/bio factors

123
Q

What did Maslow develop

A

Hierarchy of needs

1) self actualisation
2) need for esteem
3) need for love and belonging
4) need for safety
5) physiological needs related to survival

In the shape of a triangle with self-actualisation at the top

124
Q

What’s meant by self actualisation

A

Realising your full potential and becoming the best you’re capable of being

125
Q

What’s meant by need for safety

A

at this level you strive to feel safe physically psychologically and economically

126
Q

what’s meant by need for esteem

A

at this level you’re focused on achievement and gaining respect from others

127
Q

what’s meant by need for love and belonging

A

at this level you’re focused on achievement and gaining respect from others

128
Q

what’s meant by physiological needs related to survival

A

at this level you source the food, water shelter and sleep you need to stay alive (as well as sex to reproduce)

129
Q

what did maslow believe

A

believed that we spend our lives trying to reach the top of the hierarchy but that hardly anyone every gets there
He also stated that u til lower levels are met you can’t attempt to satisfy higher levels of needs

130
Q

what’s a problem with humanistic approach

A

quite westernised concept
assumes everyone has the ability to self actualise but this could be incorrect as self actualisation may be limited to the most intelligent well educated people

131
Q

what are the 4 main characteristics of self actualised people

A

1) strong sense of self-awareness
2) a fully accepting view of themselves and other for who they are
3) the ability to deal with uncertainty and the unknown
4) a strong sense creativity

132
Q

what did maslow believe that self-actualisation could be measured using

A

‘peak experiences’
these are times where the person feels wonder and euphoria towards the world around them
after these experiences people often feel inspired with a renewed sense of self-awareness

133
Q

what did aronoff 1967 study

A

tested whether the highest levels of hierarchy are only satisfied once the lower levels are

job demands and the hierarchy of needs

compared people in two jobs in the british west indies (fisherman and cane cutters)

134
Q

apart from maslow who else talked about self-actualisation

A

rogers

135
Q

what did rogers claim

A

that all people are inherently hood and that they are motivated to achieve their fullest potential

136
Q

what’s different between maslow and rogers

A

rogers didn’t believe the route to self-actualisation was strict as maslow had described
thought that people move towards self-actualisation depending on their own thoughts about themselves and the way that they are treated by others
believed that everyone has a need to be regarded by others a good light and shown love

137
Q

what did roger describe

A

two parts of the self
outlined the differences between how someone sees themselves and how they would like to be
he suggests their self-concept is created and develops in a way which depends on whether they receive unconditional positive regard or whether conditions of worth are set for them

138
Q

what are two parts of the self described by rogers

A

unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth

139
Q

what’s mean by unconditional positive regard (one part of rogers self)

A

this is where the person gets affection no matter what their behaviour is like
we need unconditional positive regard to have a positive self-concept

140
Q

what’s mean by conditions if worth (one part of rogers self)

A

this is where approval and affection is given as a result of behaving in a certain way

although this treatment can help someone learn to fit in with the rules of social life rogers believed that it could stop them from reaching self-actualisation
This is because the person may focus on keeping other people happy rather than developing their own personality

141
Q

what do they need to receive love and account

A

unconditional positive regard
and so experience congruence and become a fully-functioning person

142
Q

when do people experience incongruence

A

if they are set conditions if worth then their ideal self becomes something different to the self-concept and the person experience incongruence

143
Q

what did rogers develop his ideas into

A

form of therapy

144
Q

what did rogers believe that many psychological problems caused by

A

incongruence
where mismatch between someone’s self-concept and ideal self

145
Q

what did rogers therapy aim to do

A

remove this incongruence by making it possible for the person to become their ideal self

146
Q

what was rogers therapy known as

A

client-centred therapy also known as person-centred therapy

147
Q

how does rogers client-centred therapy work

A

focuses on client they are in charge of what is talked about and it’s their responsibility to eventually solve their own problems
the therapists job is to try and make the client aware of their thoughts actions and behaviours
they can do this by carefully rephrasing the clients sentences and repeating them back

unconditional positive regard- genuineness and empathy are really important in person-centred therapy
the therapist if supportive of client no matter what they do or say with the aim that the client will come to value themselves

148
Q

what’s the evidence that rogers therapy seems to work

A

Gibbard and Hanley (2008) studied the impact of person-centred therapy on a group of patients suffering from common mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression

they studied almost 700 people over 5 years
a questionnaire was used to measure the extent of their condition before and after therapy
it was found that nearly 70% of the RPS showed a significant improvement in their mental health after taking part in person-centred therapy

149
Q

name a few strengths of the humanistic psychology

A

very positive approach states people are striving to be better
free will is a major part less restrictive than more deterministic approaches
good for understanding complexity nature of human behaviour
treats people as individuals and takes the whole person into account

qualitative data rich in detail so therapy can be analysed
counselling techniques have been shown to be effective

150
Q

name a few weaknesses of the humanistic psychology

A

less emphasis on factors such as genes
lacks objectivity largely based on feelings and subjective reports
features things which are hard to measure

idiographic which doesn’t create generalised laws less scientific approach

Psychology (12 decks)

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