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Approachs A01 Flashcards

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1
Q

assumptions of behaviourist approach

A

-we are born a ‘blank slate’ tabula rasa
-genetics are ignored
-only behaviour should be studied

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2
Q

what is calssical conditioning based on?

A

all animals are born with some natural refelxs where a response is produced automatically

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3
Q

what supports classical conditioning?

A

pavlovs research

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4
Q

features of classical conditioning?

A

generalisation, discrimination, extinction, spontanous recovery

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5
Q

what is operant conditioning based on?

A

animals produce behaviour spontanously and the consequneces of that behaviour determine whether animals reproduce it

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6
Q

postive reinforcement

A

providing something pleasant

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7
Q

negative reinfocement

A

taking away something unpleasant

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8
Q

postive punishment

A

providng something unplesant

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9
Q

negative punsihsment

A

taking away something leasnat

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10
Q

who developed operant conditioning?

A

B.F skinner

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11
Q

Skinners Box

A

first condition- presses leaver produces food-postive reinforcement
second condition-presses lever stops electric shocks-negative reinforcement

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12
Q

key assumptions of the social learning approach

A

-not all learning occurs as a result of direct experinces
-learning occurs though the process of observing others
-cognitive/ menatl processes play a role

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13
Q

what is modelling

A

the indivdiual we are observing doing the behaviour

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14
Q

what are the two types of models

A

symbolic and live

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15
Q

identification

A

more likely to idenityfy with someone the same gender as ourselves and this is important as it means we are likely to experince the same consequences as the model

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16
Q

mediational processes

A

all behavior we observe we learn but we wont neccessariliy immitate them all. This is due to cognitive factors being involved such as attention, retention, motivation and reproduction

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17
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

occurs when you observe someone being reinforced for a behaviour

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18
Q

aim of banduras reserach

A

whether children learn behaviours through observation

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19
Q

Banduras procedure

A

participants 36 boys and 36 girls between 3-6 years old. Lab experiment. one condition adults play normally, second condition adults play aggressively and control condition. then taken into a room and observed

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20
Q

banduras findings

A

that the children in the aggressive condition acted more aggressively with the toys

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21
Q

Key assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

-they focus on internal mental processes such as perception
-they believe processes can be studied by observing behaviour and mkaing inferneces
-they assume the mind is simlar to a computer

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22
Q

inferences

A

cognitive psychology focuses on studying mental processes and how these effect our behaviour. These cannot be studied directly so must make inferences

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23
Q

schemas

A

a cognitive framework or concept that helps organise and interpret the information. they provide a mental short cut, when in a familar situation. we can use our schemas to make predictions about what to expect

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24
Q

positives about schemas

A

-they are good beacuse they can provide a mental short cut
-interpret effectively and effectively

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25
negatives about schemas
-lead to perception errors and disortion of information -an example in eyewitness testimony
26
what have cognitive pyschologists deeloped
a theoretical model to explain mental processes
27
cognitive neuroscience
emerged in 200s and merges the cognitive and biological approach and uses neurological imaging techniques such as PET and MRI scans to map out mental functions
28
what to the red parts on neuro images suggest
high activity
29
key assumptions of the biological approach
-believ our behaviours are largely inherited and therefore focus on studing the influence of genes -they study the role of chemical changes and hormonal changes -in order to understand the brain we must look at the physical structures of the body
30
what is the largest area of the brain?
Cerrebellum
31
how is the cerrrebul cortex divided
-2 hemispheres and 4 lobes
32
where abouts in the brain is the partricipal lobe is located?
top of the brain
33
where abouts in the brain is the temporal lobe located?
the side of the brain
34
where abouts in the brain is the opticipal lobe located?
at the back of the brain
35
Phineas gage
made a mistake with explosives at 1848. Rod blown through frontal lobe, was conscious 1 minute after the accident and healed after 10 years. personality changhed but nit ability and got fired due to relasionship with co-workers
36
MAOA gene
high risk gene inherited from the mother therefore hat is why pyschopaths are usually men.
37
what is MAOA more commonly known as?
the warrior gene
38
How does the MAOA gene become expressed?
due to traumatic event in childhood leading to the overproduction od serotonin meaning they become numb to it
39
how do behaviour geneticists study whether behavioural or physiological charcteristics can be inherited?
family studies
40
example of how conditions can be inherited using family studies
schitophrenia- if a parent has the disorder 6% more chance of getting it, if you have a identical twin 48% more chance of having it
41
neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmitt electrical messages from one nerve cell in the brain to another. Over or underactivity of these chemicals can lead to mental disorders
42
what is schitophreniua caused by
over activity of dophamine-hallucinations
43
what is depression caused by
under activity of serotonin
44
Evolution
process whereby overtime organisms change to adapt to their environment. Individuals within species differ from each other in terms of physical charcteristics , traits and behaviour and at least some of this variation is inherited.
45
Natural selection
most desirable charcetrsitics survive and reproduce. This means more desirable traits will become more desirbale over time
46
key assumptions of the pyschodynamic approach
-behaviour is determined by early childhood experiences -behaviour is motivated bu instinctive drives:sex and aggression -bheaviour is influenced bu things in the unconscous mind
47
the three levels of the unconscious
-conscious -proconscious -unconscious
48
what does the unconscious store
biological drives and memories that are seen as disturbing or unpleasant
49
what is the sex drive known as
libido n
50
ID
mass of inherited biological drives. Plesure principle. Present from birth
51
Superego
internalised sense of right and wrong. Works on morlaity principle. Punishes ego for any wrong doings. The last one to develop at 5
52
Ego
when a child gains experience in dealing with world operates on relaity principle. Second to develop at 2
53
how the structure of personality leads to schitophrenia?
ID overpowers Ego resulting in a loss of grip on reality
54
How the structure of personality leads to depression and anxiety?
superego dominates
55
what do defence mechanisms do?
helps ego to balnce the conflicting demands of ID and superego. they are unconscious stratagies that distort reality and protect from any unpleasant emotions
56
examples of defence mechanisms?
-repression -denial -displacement-on to a more suitible subject -projection-on to another person -regression
57
Erogenous zone
libido needs to express itself so it is focused on a particular part of the body
58
if conflict is not resolved whatt does it lead to?
fixation that results to personality traits in audult hood.
59
First stage of pyschosexual development
oral stage-birth to 18 months, mouth, the ID is in control. overindulgence (chatty) and fustration (nail biting/ thumb sucking)
60
second stage of pyschosexual stages
the anal stage-18 months to 3 years, the ego develops overindulgence-anal expulsive-disorganised fustration-anal retentive-perfectionist
61
third stage of pyschosexual stages
the phallic stage 3 to 6 years old genetillia superego develops adult personalities that are overly vain and sexually aggressive
62
fourth stage of pyschosexual stage
latency stage 6-11 years non develop defence mechanisms diffuculty expressing emotions and forming helathy relasionships
63
last stage of pyschosexual development
genital satge 12+years genitals reach full sexual maturity if all stages successfully completed person will be sexually matured
64
the opedius complex
occurs when the small boy’s desire for his mother results in him wanting to take the place of his father The desire the small boy has for his mother causes castration anxiety since he believes that if his father discovers this desire, the father will castrate the son
65
the electra complex
he daughter’s desire for her father and her realisation that she does not have a penis (penis envy) which leads her to wish that she was a boy The girl blames her mother for the girl not having a penis and this creates great tension which the daughter represses and she replaces her desire for a penis with the desire to have a baby Thus the girl identifies with her mother to take on the female gender role
66
Little hans
5 year old boy with a phobia of horses From around three years of age, little Hans showed an interest in ‘widdlers’, both his own penis and those of other males, including animals. His mother threatens to cut off his widdler unless he stops playing with it.Hans’s fear of horses worsened, and he was reluctant to go out in case he met a horse. Freud linked this fear to the horse’s large penis. The phobia improved, relating only to horses with black harnesses over their noses. Hans’s father suggested this symbolized his moustache. Freud’s interpretation linked Hans’s fear to the Oedipus complex, the horses (with black harnesses and big penises) unconsciously representing his fear of his father.
67
key assumptions on the hummanistic approach
-focus on studying unique subjective huam experinces -rejects the use objective methods -no attempt to devise 'general laws' that predict behaviour -people have free will are in control of their behaviour
68
what is the humanistic approach known as
the third force
69
Why did the humanistic approach become famous?
rejected the principles of both the behaviourist and pyschodynamic approach
70
who did carl rodgers and abraham maslow criticise
the likes of frued and watson that suggest behaviour is out of their own destiny
71
Free will
the ability to make out own conscious choices and be control of our own behaviorur, we are active agents in our own developement
72
what did carl rodgers belive about human nature?
that we are all essentially good and human nature is positive
73
what do we need to achieve our poetential
unconditional positive reguard and positive self worth
74
what are the conditions of worth
these are the conditions we think we must meet in order to be worthy of love and acceptance
75
when are the conditions of worth set up
when we are children with the expectations from our parents. As we grow older we learn from our teachers, friends and society what is expected of us and this establishes our condition of worth.
76
what is congruence?
the level of similarity between the ideal and actual self. oit is rare to acheive complete congruence
77
what did maslow believe
that humans are motivated to seek personal growth and fulfilment
78
what have ste be met in order to achive personal growth and fulfillment
defincy needs have to be met first. Maslow presented this as a hierarchy of needs
79
order of hierchary of need from top to bottom
self actualism,esteem, love and belonging, seftey, physiological
80
each level in the hierchary of need needs to what
be fulfilled in order to to move up to a higher level
81
how did maslow study self actualism
by studying people who belived had achieved self actualisation such as Alber Eisetin, Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the charcteristics of tehself actualiser
82
how rare is self actualisation?
vert, only 1-2% of he population will acheive this
83
charcteristics of self actaulisation
peak experinces-feelings of intense ecstasy continous sense of appreciation acceptance realistic problem centered
84
person centered therapy
The therapist provides a nonjudgmental, empathetic environment where the client feels accepted and understood the person leads the therapy refered to as clients rather than pateints relies on congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.

Approachs (3 decks)

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