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Psychology > Aproaches > Flashcards

Aproaches Flashcards

1
Q

In order for psychology to be considered a science it must meet the following criteria

A

1- development of a theory
2- development of hypothesis
3-hypothesis testing through research methods e.g. Lab experiments
4- research which is reliable
5- findings which lead to conclusions, applications or refined theories which are tested again

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2
Q

What is a theory

A

A set of principle intended to explain something

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3
Q

What is hypothesis testing

A

A prediction base on theory

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4
Q

What are the assumptions of biological approach

A
  • all behaviour has a cause , it is determined
  • all that’s is pyschological , is first physical
  • mental disorders should be called mental illnesses, as they are illnesses in the same way as a physical condition
  • mental illness can be treated by physiologically based approaches like drugs
  • animals may be studied as a means of understanding human behaviour
  • human genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behaviours to the environment , therefore mix of behaviour is genetic
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5
Q

What is the biological approach concerned with

A

How our physical structures , especially our genes and central nervous systems influence how we think and behave

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6
Q

What is behaviour genetics

A

Human characteristics such as intelligence and personality , results from our genetic makeup

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7
Q

How do biological psychologists investigate behaviour

A
  • Using animals to investigate brain functions
  • the study of non identical and identical human twins helps us to understand the genetic inheritance of human characteristics
  • selective breeding of animals to determine which behaviours and characteristics may have a genetic basis
  • scanning techniques using advanced technology such as MRI
  • electrode recording f the activity of neutrons = brain functions
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8
Q

What is the difference between genetics and heredity

A

Genetics is the study of genetic make up or organism and how genes influence physical and behavioural characteristics

Heredity is the traits , characteristics and behavioural tendencies inherited from ones parents and in Turn ancestors

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9
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype of a person is their actual genetic makeup , represented by 23 normal pairs of chromosomes

The phenotype is the actual expression of the persons genetic makeup this includes physical appearance

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10
Q

What are psychological characteristics that are thought to be influenced by genes

A

Intelligence
Certain aspect of personality eg introvert / extrovert
Psychological disorders

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11
Q

Define a Neuron

A

The basic unit is the brain and Nervous system

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12
Q

Define central nervous system

A

The spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

The somatic and automatic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Secretes hormones into the body through a number is different endocrine glands located in different parts of the body

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15
Q

Natural selection ensure that

A

Adaptive characteristics are passed on to future generations while maladaptive ines die

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16
Q

Darwin suggests that

A

Psychological characterises are a result of adapting to the changing environment , this is key to evolutionary psychology

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17
Q

Aggression has ben explained by what

A

Evolutionary psychologists as a result of evolution e.g. Defending territory , humans show this by war

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18
Q

What is natural selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring . The theory of its action was first fully explained by Charles Darwin. Now regarded as the main process that’s brings about evolution

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19
Q

Give an example of natural selection

A

Long and short necked giraffes

  • a giraffe with a longer neck can reach food high up
  • giraffe is more likely to get enough food to survive and reproduce
  • giraffes offspring inherits long neck
  • small Nevis die out
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20
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

Is the biochemistry of the CNS. Hormones are the chemicals which travels through the blood. However the chemicals in the brains are called Euro transmitters and these transmit through the fluid in the brain. Neurotransmitters are thought to effect behaviour. Eg high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are though to cause schizophrenia

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21
Q

Describe serotonin

A

Plays a role in mood, sleep , appetite. And impulses aggressive behaviour . It is associated with depression and some anxiety disorders

Some Antidepressants medication increase the availability is serotonin at the receptor sites

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22
Q

Describe epinephrine

A

Involved in energy and glucose metabolism

Too little has been associated with depression

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23
Q

What is key research to support that’s genes influence behaviours

A

Bock and goode

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24
Q

Describe bock and Goodes experiment

+ strengths and weeknesses

A

Found that when mice were reared alone they showed tendency to attack other mice when first exposed to them . They were not taught to be aggressive for example their parents didn’t show them the behaviour

This research suggests a natural or genetic tendency in relation to biological aggression

Ads -understand genetic tendency but ethically without using humans
-highly controlled so can be replicated

Disad - ethical , shouldn’t keep mice away from each other
-being able to Apple the findings from mice to humans as Brain structure is different

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25
Q

Strengths of the biological approach

A
  • Supporting research for approaches such as bock and Goode adds validity to the perspective
  • developed drug treatments
  • it’s scientific so variable such as hormones and neurotransmitter be measured and tracked
  • it can be replicated so improves reliability
  • we know what predetermines behaviour meaning we are more likely to help those with abnormal behaviour
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26
Q

What are the weaknesses of the biological approach

A
  • oversimplified so it prevents us from understanding the target behaviour
  • it ignores life experiences and psychological factors such as thoughts and feelings
  • individuals may be predisposed to certain behaviours but these behaviours may not be displayed unless they are triggered
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27
Q

What are the terms used in classical conditioning

A 
Neutral stimulus 
Unconditional response
Unconditional stimulus 
Conditional stimulus 
Conditional response
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28
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

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29
Q

Define neutral stimulus

A

is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

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30
Q

Define unconditional stimulus

A

Is the one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response

(Smell of food pavolv )

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31
Q

Define unconditioned response

A

Is an automatic reaction to something

Response to unconditioned stimulus

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32
Q

Define conditioned stimulus

A

Is a previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

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33
Q

Define conditioned response

A

Is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

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34
Q

Define behaviourism

A

Observing behaviours and not observing internal mental processes

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35
Q

Describe pavlovs experiment

A

He used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he have food to his dog he also rang a bell. After a number of repeated of this procedure he tries to ring the bell on its own and it caused the dog to salivate. So the dog had learnt an association between the bell and food and a new behaviour has been learnt. Because the response had been conditioned.

Neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus

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36
Q

What experiment is classical consisting

A

Pavlov

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37
Q

What experiment is operant conditioning

A

Skinner

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38
Q

Describe skinners experiment

A

He used a Skinner box and placed a rat inside. There was a lever inside which once pressed food would be dispensed. The rat then continued to press the lever as it was being rewarded

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39
Q

What are reinforcers

A

Responses from the environment that increases the probability of A behaviour being repeated . They can be positive or negative

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40
Q

What are punishers

A

Responses from the environment that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

Punishment weakens behaviour

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41
Q

Example of positive reinforcement

A

If your teacher gave you £5 each time you completed your homework you will more likely to repeat this behaviour in the future

Therefore strengthening the behaviour

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42
Q

Examples of negative reinforcement

A

A teache saying if you do not complete your home work you will have a detentions

It will strengthen the behaviour of good work so they don’t get the punishment

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43
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

A type of learning which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or eliminated if followed by a punisher

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44
Q

What are the types of reinforcement

A
  • continuous
  • fixed interval
  • variable interval
  • fixed ratio
  • variable ratio
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45
Q

Describe continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforced every single time that a organism provides the appropriate operant response

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46
Q

Describe fixed interval reinforcement

A

Is a schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specific Amount of time has elapsed

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47
Q

Describe variable interval reinforcement

A

Behaviour is being reinforced on and inconsistent schedule

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48
Q

Describe fixed ratio reinforcement

A

Where a response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses

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49
Q

Describe variable ratio reinforcement

A

Is a Schneider of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after a unpredictable number or responses

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50
Q

What is generalisation

Pavolv

A

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimulus

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51
Q

What is discrimination

Pavlov

A

When a conditioned response is made to one stimulus but not another similar stimulus

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52
Q

What is extinction ( Pavlov)

A

Is the disappearance of a previously learned behaviour when the behaviour is not reinforced

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53
Q

What is spontaneous recovery ( pavolov)

A

Is a term associated with learning and conditioning .it is the re appearance is a response that has been extinguished

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54
Q

What are the main assumptions with behaviourism

A
  • we should only be concerned with observable behaviours because these are what can be scientifically measured
  • behaviour is determined by our interactions with the environment and therefore behaviour is learned from experience
  • it is valid to study animals as they share the same principles of learning as humans
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55
Q

What’s an independent variable

A

What you change ( what the experimenter manipulates)

56
Q

What’s a dependable variable

A

What your measure

57
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Other variable that could effect the results if not controlled

58
Q

What are the main assumptions of social learning theory

A
  • behaviour is learned from observing other people behaviour that’s is imitating others
  • cognitive process are establish for learning to take place
  • observational learning takes place as a result of people other whom a person identifies acting as models
  • reinforcement need not be direct , but can be vicarious reinforcement
59
Q

What are the features of social learning theory

A 
Observation 
Imitation vs identification
Reinforcement/vicarious reinforcement 
Expectancy
Cognition ( attention , retention , reproduction , motivation )
Models and there characteristics
60
Q

Define observations

A

Is one method for collecting research data

It involves watching a participant and recording relevant behaviour for later analysis

61
Q

Describe imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others

62
Q

Describe identification

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and what’s to be like the role model

63
Q

Describe

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour , this is a key feature In imitation

64
Q

Describe expectancy

A

Propose that’s people choose to behave in certain ways because they are motivated by the result , they expect to get from those choices

65
Q

Describe attention

A

Focusing on one thing while ignoring others

66
Q

Describe retention

A

When a person can recall or retain experiences based on the Mental process of recognition or retention of information

67
Q

Describe reproduction

A

Re do the behaviour

68
Q

Describe motivation

A

What causes us to act the process that initiates , guides and maintains goal orientated behaviours

69
Q

Supporting research for social learning theory

A

Bobo doll bandura

70
Q

Describe the bobo doll experiment

A

Room 1-24 children watched a male or female model behaving aggressively toward a bobo doll
Room 2-another 24 children were exposed to a non aggressive model who played in a subdued manner
Room 3 - final 24 children were used as control group and not exposed to any model

Stage 2- children subjected to mild aggressions by being taken into a room and saying they couldn’t play with the toys as they were saved for other children

Stage 3- the next room contained aggressive and aggressive toys . Their behaviours were observed.

Results - boys imitated more physical aggressions

  • boys were more likely to imitate same sex models
  • children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive
  • girls shows more physical aggressions if the model was male but more verbal aggression is model was female
71
Q

Bobo doll advantages

A
  • experiments can be replicated , standalised procedures and instructions were used for replicability
  • allows for precise control of variables. Many variables were controlled such as gender of the models, the time the children were observed and the behaviour of the model
72
Q

Bobo doll disadvantages

A

The demonstrations are measured almost immediately , with such snap shots studies we cannot discover if such a single exposure can have long term effects

  • cumberbatch found that children who had not played with a bobo doll before were 5 times as likely to imitate the aggressive behaviours than those who were familiar with it . He claims that the novelty value of the doll makes it more likely that children will imitate the behaviour
73
Q

Strengths of social learning theory

A
  • provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning by recognising the role of mediational processes
  • we have a lot of cognitive control over our behaviour and just because we had experiences of violence does not mean we have to reproduce such violence
74
Q

Social learning approaches disadvantages

A
  • it cannot adequately account for how we develop a whole range of behaviours including thoughts and feelings
  • bit a full explanation for all behaviour. This is particularly the case when there is no apparent role model in the persons life to imitate for a given behaviour
75
Q

What are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach

A
  • the mind works like a computer
  • mediation all processes occur between stimulus and response
  • thought processes can and should be studied scientifically
76
Q

List the internal mental processes

A 
Memory 
Learning 
Perception 
Attention 
Language
77
Q

How can internal mental processes be studies

A

Scientifically through the use if variety of research methods including
Introspection
Lab experiments

78
Q

What is the purpose of studying internal mental processes

A

Explain how a behaviour is caused

79
Q

By investigating internal mental processes psychologists are able to explain how we

A

Make decisions
Problem solve
Learn and use language

80
Q

Write a brief outline if a piece of research which investigated internal mental processes

A

Supporting research for the cognitive approach was shown by Murdock . They were given a list of words. Then asked to recall them. They remembered the first 5 words and the last 5 words the best . The first 5 were remembered the best because they were in the LTM . The last were remembered well because they were in the STM . The middle Ines were displaced . This supports cognitive approach because it shows how the internal mental process of memory can be tested using highly specific methods

81
Q

What are schemas

A

Are examples of how we store and use information to help us behave in current or new situations. They can be defined as a collection of ideas about a person of situation formed thorough experiences which help an individual to understand and predict the world around them

82
Q

Why are schemas unique to the individual

A

As we experience the same situation differently . The way we see the world depends on our experiences so assuming we all think / see things the same way is incorrect

83
Q

Define adaptation

(Schemas)

A

Ability to adjust to new information and experiences

Adding schemas

84
Q

Define assimilation

A

Another part of adaption , we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas

85
Q

Define accommodation

A

What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas

Change schemas to accommodate new information

86
Q

Computational models compare the human mind to a

A

Computer

87
Q

Describe the computational model

A

Explains our cognitive Systems in terms of goals , plans or actions that are involved in tasks

Input + process = output

88
Q

Describe the theoretical models

A

Connectionists models focuses on the idea that the mind is made up of neurons and the connections between these neurons represent meaningful and learnt associations between environment and stimuli .

We know all experiences are connected

89
Q

Evaluations of the theoretical and computer models

A

The connectionist model is more accurately reflects everyday processing and how the brain is structured

Comparing humans to computers is difficult as humans have consciousness and emotion which computers don’t have

Cognitive psychologists have to make inferences about how thought processes occur by going beyond what is directly observable to them

90
Q

Strengths of cognitive approach

A
  • easily combined with other approaches cognitive behaviour therapy is a popular and successful form of treatment for issues such as OCD
  • takes into account the internal invisible thought process that affects our behaviour unlike the behavioural approach
91
Q

Weaknesses of cognitive approach

A

Depends largely on controlled experiments to observe humans behaviour which may lack ecological validity

-does not take into account genetic factors for example hereditary correlations of mental disorders

92
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Is a discipline that is a combination of several other disciplines , cognitive psychology and science

It’s main purpose is to look for. Biological basis for thought processes / internal mental processes

93
Q

what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • much of our behaviour is driven by unconscious motives
  • childhood is a critical period in development
  • mental disorders arise from unresolved, unconscious conflicts originated in childhood
  • resolutions occurs through assessing and coming to terms with repressed ideas and conflicts
  • case studies are the preferred research method
94
Q

what are the three parts of freuds iceberg analogy

A

conscious
preconscious
unconscious

95
Q

describe conscious

A

the part of the mind we are aware of

eg everyday thoughts and feelings

96
Q

describe preconscious

A

thoughts and memories not accessible at all times but easily recalled

97
Q

describe unconscious

A

the deep dark shameful part full of repressed thoughts , memories and feelings

98
Q

what are the three parts of the personality

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

99
Q

describe ID and what age it occurs

A

from birth

  • pleasure principle
  • basic biological impulses eg eat , sleep, sexual pleasure, eliminate waste
100
Q

describe ego and what age it occurs

A

in the first 2 years

  • reality principle
  • child learns that impulses cannot be gratified immediately so it considers the demands of reality
101
Q

describe superego and what age it occurs

A

phallic, 5 year

  • the parent
  • judges whether actions are right or wrong
  • contains values, morals and the individuals conscience
102
Q

what is freuds model of the mind

A

we all have these three characteristics in our mind at the same time, if they are unbalanced this can cause us a lot of anxiety and may eventually lead to mental illness
( id, ego, superego )

103
Q

healthy psyche is when

A

ego is in charge

104
Q

neurotic is when

A

superego is in charge

105
Q

psychotic is when

A

id is in charger

106
Q

describe the defence mechanisms

A

the constant disagreements between the id, ego, and superego can lead to a lot of anxiety
so the mind develops various methods of defending itself , it can rationalise itself
we use defence mechanisms on a daily basis and they are unconscious
but if we use them too much it can lead to mental abnormalities

107
Q

what are the types of defence mechanisms

A 
denial
projection 
repression 
displacement 
regression 
sublimation 
rationalisation 
reaction formation
108
Q

describe denial

A

you completely reject the thought or feeling

109
Q

describe repression

A

push harmful thoughts into unconscious

110
Q

describe displacement

A

direct onto neutral object

111
Q

evaluations of psychodynamic approach

A

weaknesses

  • unconscious mind, impossible to test scientifically
  • use case studies , researcher biased , as can distort case studies to fit theories
  • deterministic and ignores genes
  • unfalsifiable as cant prove if right

strengths

  • case studies, lots of qualitative data
  • practical applications of therapy
  • acknowledges childhood as an important / critical period
  • takes nature and nurture into account
  • used in everyday life eg defence mechanisms
  • led to psychologist developing theories on childhood
112
Q

what are the psychosexual stages of development

A 
oral 
anal
phallic
latency 
genital
113
Q

describe the oral stage and when it occurs

A

0-1 years
in the first stage of personality development the libido is centred in a baby’s mouth
- it gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido . which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated , such as sucking , biting, and breast feeding

114
Q

describe the anal stage and when it occurs

A

1-3 years
The libido now becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world

115
Q

describe the phallic stage and when it occurs

A

3-5 years
- the sexual instincts is focued on the genital area. the child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction , resentment, rivalry , jealousy and fear

116
Q

describe the latency stage and when it occurs

A

5-puberty
freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work , hobbies and friendships

117
Q

describe genital stage and when it occurs

A

puberty - adulthood

the last stage, sexual interests mature and are directed at heterosexual pleasure

118
Q

describe two behavioural characteristics that may result from fixation at a stage

A

oral- freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life. oral personalities include , smokers, nail biting , finger chewers , thumb suckers . they engage in these behaviours particular when under stress

anal- - early or harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal retentive personality who hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respects authority . they can be stubborn and tight fisted with their cash and possessions

119
Q

describe Oedipus complex

A

described the conflict that all young boys experience when they develop a passionate desire for their own mother. the conflicts arises because the boy wants to possess their mother for themselves but they see their father as a rival who stands in their way which leads them to become jealous of their fathers

120
Q

describe the Oedipus complex research

A
  • little hans had developed a fear of horses
  • Hans’ father wrote to Freud explaining his concerns about Hans. He described the main problem as follows: ‘He is afraid a horse will bite him in the street, and this fear seems somehow connected with his having been frightened by a large penis’.

horses were a good father symbol due to their large penises

Little Hans had been affected by a traumatic event which had occurred when he was four years old in which he had witnessed an accident: a horse carrying a heavily loaded cart collapsed in the street. After the event, the boy’s parents noticed that he had begun to develop a fear of horses, particularly those carrying a heavy load or those with black around their eyes, or wearing blinkers. It was believed that the phobia was linked to the sight of the large genitalia of the animals, and a fear of horses led to Little Hans trying to avoid leaving his home in case he encountered one of the animals. In Graf’s letters to Freud, he describes a preoccupation with the male genitals which led his wife to threaten the son with calling a doctor to castrate him if it did not end

121
Q

describe the electra complex

A

occurs in girls

  • penis envy , they substitute the envy for a baby
  • blame mother for not having a penis and anger towards mother
122
Q

evaluations of the psychosexual stages

A

w

  • don’t know if its correct as In unconscious
  • case studies so cant generalise
  • criticised as being disturbing as it suggests that infants display sexual urges during phallic stage

s

  • case studies show there is evidence of these stage s
  • acknowledges that childhood is a critical development of your life
123
Q

humanistic approach assumption

A
  • each individual is unique
  • rejects scientific methods , unstructured interviews
  • free will, nature and holistic
  • growth and fulfilment of potential
124
Q

what is rogers ideas on the self

A
  • persons consciousness of their own identity
  • people can only fulfil their potential for growth if they have a basic positive view of themselves
  • this can only happen if they have the unconditional positive regard of other
  • person tries to close the gap between real self and ideal self
125
Q

what is a persons real self

A

how the person actually is

126
Q

what is a persons ideal self

A

how they think they should be

127
Q

if the real self and ideal elf are at apart its called

A

incongruence

128
Q

if the real self and ideal self are close together its called

A

CONGURENCE

129
Q

what is maslows hierarchy of needs

A 
self actualisation 
esteem needs
belonging needs
safety needs
physiological needs

those who satisfy all their needs are more likely to become self actualised

prolonged periods where a particular need was not satisfied could result in a fixation

130
Q

preferred research methods for humanistic approach

A
  • research methods that will allow them to understand other peoples subjectivity
  • avoid experiments and quantitive data
  • qualitive methods preferred eg unstructured questionnaires and diary entries
131
Q

evaluations of the humanistic approach

A

s

  • positive approach and focuses on the current experiences
  • practical applications of motivation in the workplace and school
  • promotes free will which humans think they have

w

  • vague concepts , what is self actualisation
  • biased to individualistic cultures
  • rejection of scientific methods, lacks credibility and therefore affects the standpoint of psychology as a science
132
Q

what are conditions of worth

A

withhold love or affection because they don’t show desired characteristics / certain behaviours

133
Q

how can the approaches be compared

A
  • treatment of behaviour
  • uses of animals
  • main assumptions
  • research methods
  • debates ( free will vs determinism , holism vs reductionist , nature vs nurture )
134
Q

what is client centred therapy

A

counsellor encourages the person to talk freely about themselves. the counsellor then reflects back on what they have said. the counsellor offers unconditional positive regards . this allows clients to accept their own feelings

135
Q

what is the electric approach

A

combining several approaches methods or theoretical perspectives . this ensures that a more full and comprehensive understanding of human behaviour can be reached

Psychology (7 decks)

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