APUSH Midterm Flashcards

Question

The Toll on the Environment (18.4.4)

Answer 1

Changes in environment for commercial nearly as catastrophic as the Ice Age, Flora & fauna Farmers introduced exotic plants & animals, “improved” land, but instead brought weeds, rates, and incest pests Animals were decreasing in areas of US, grizzly bear, wolves, buffalo, had large decease in mind 1880s Dust storms & eroded land from decrease in Buffalo & farmers having cattle & sheep who ate it Irrigation by farmers = water bodies disappear & water table to decrease in 1870s CA had Chinese build large canals and irrigation in West 18877, 1890s,and 1902 irrigation increases, no federal support till 1902, most West states Water polices rarely consider effect > environment, CA Lake Tulare gone, was once huge, form irrigation by farmers Need to maintain water supple = the development of natural forests, first in 1897 Secretary gained authority to regulate use Policy by gov large scale regulations to conserve natural resources & enhanced federal gov role in economic develop in the West.

Answer 2

Drawings & studies of the West piped public interest of natural sites Fed gov started setting aside huge tracks of wilderness > national parks 1864 Congress passed the Yosemite Act: places Yosemite Valley, and a nearby grove of sequoias, under the protection of CA 1872 Yellowstone was the 1st national park, 5 more added between 1890-1910

Answer 3

First “western” “dime novels” sold in 1860 > people loved Western themed entertainment t. Annie Oakley, sharp shooters & William f. Cody made entertainment for people to watch, some off real life events Buffalo’s wild West toured Europe with a huge add, also at 1843 World’s Columbia Exhibitions Some historians said that thesis helped foster democracy & district American identity 1890 federal census revealed that the “free land” had been depleted, propelling Fredrick Jackson turner to conclude that the “closing” of the frontier marked the end of the formative period of American history/ “Frontier thesis” also sounded a warning bell

Answer 4

Artist drawing west pictures, cowboys, Indians, people, and places Photographs of Indian peoples working (1960-1970s)s aw pictures sometimes were posted/retouched Studies/study of Indian peoples, 1877 Hawk Clan published major work Ancient Society outlines a universal process of social evolution leading from savagery to barbarism to civilization Alice Cunningham Fletchers=most influential interpreters of the cultures of living tribes people, was a pioneering ethnographer Encouraged father study of Indian stories, learn Omha songs she learned from them for a while Helped draft the model legislation that was enacted by Congress as the Ohaha Act of 1882: Under the 1882 Act, nearly 50,000 acres were opened for sale to both Indians and non-Indians and the City of Pender, Nebraska was established by non-Indian settlers.

Answer 5

1881, Indians forcefully resettled on reservations. few adapted white was Most influential reformer = Helen Hunt Jackson, 1879, heard chief struggle stories, poet &children author She began lobbying for Indians rights & to rite against gov policy, 1881 book published Womens National Indian Association (WNIA) 1874 rally, public support > program of assimilation “American” manner, me& women working on farms, kids>boarding school=losing traditional values & culture 1882 WNIA gathered 100,000 signatures urge Congress passed out reservation system Dawes Severtly Act (1887) somewhat helped the Indian situation, Sioux chief argued it was another white trick Dawes Act undermined tribal sovereignty, religious, scared ceremonies, telling of legends, myths banned, forbidden etc. Hair fashions changed, “Indian schools” forbade Indian languages, and clothing styles etc.Gov did not help new farmers, land, lost land 1887, reservations , did not scucessd in new life Dawes Act not reversed until 1934, Congress passed Indian Reorganization Act: aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. Got some land and integrated tribe lands back.

Answer 6

1889 Northern Paiute wovoka had a vision during total eclipse of an from thee Creator Sioux, among others, elaborated wovokas prophecy into a rebellion of resistance etc. Ghost Dance, warning, scared local whites, the US 7th cavalry went out dancer hid, great chief of Sioux, Sitting Bull was killed, had been allied with us troops, Great dancer convinced that US gov planed to exterminate them Dec 29,1890 cold & no horses Big Foot (leader of Ghost Dancers) surrendered white flag, dying of pneumonia US troops expected them to surrender remainder weapons, one deaf brave misunderstood and fired accidental shot = panic 150 Sioux cut down, 25 soldiers mortally wounded, US shot anything that moved > women & children as they ran for cover Many injured died in the snow/froze or some were transported 400 (almost) years after Columbus “discovered” the new world for Christian civilization Seemed to make the final conquest of the continents indigenous peoples.

Answer 7

Complying with white offer, tree land, rejected white land did not mean no attack for tribes The piams of Arizona, fought with US, Christian , spoke English, well-develop agriculture system,a& water system but still had cattle stolen and waterways diverted Yana tribes in CA gathers, hunters >prostitution, enslave & new diseases Yahi hid in caves for decade from white settlers to avoid contact Flatheads, little land, little food, Oct 18981 new reservation, gov took more land = rural poverty -Tribal identity vanished, work as trades people or farmers, intermarriage Drew Outsiders, -Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), Southern youth had huge region fishing, hunted, gathered. 1848 started losing land to the US government -Had to move, gov gave that option, life on reservation under OIA -Challenged their Egalitarian practices, 1880s and before OIA have lessons for women about domestic household study, woman petitioned against that -Cheyennes Peru and survived, more land geography a lot, christian, didn't lose sense of tribal identity, battle Little Bighorn lost but survived -Navajos went to unoccupied white land, survived Spanish invasion, 1863 300 Mile long walk, crops and fruit burned destroyed -Preserve some largest Indian nation in US, crops decrease sheep increase food, wool rugs and blankets and jewelry silver and weaving help with their survival and economic gain -Hopis lived unwanted white land Cliff cities, higher developed theological beliefs, peaceful social system, and sand, Kachina dolls, educate whites and help persuade public supporters and get economic resources to fend farther threats to their reservations -In Canada and Mexico need a population suffered less pressure from the ones in the United States -It would take several Generations before Indians over to experienced resurface etc.

Answer 8

1876, celebrate technological promise

Answer 9

- 1871-1914, post civil war - by 1900 us was first in the world for productivity - protective tariffs on imports/exports transcontinental railroad linked across us - assembly line, new machines and - factory working for faster production - growing goods promoted the postal system, created chain companies, advertising - electricity

Answer 10

busniesses’ controlling every aspect of production, from raw materials to the produced goods - control everything, not have to pay for supplies - united fruit company: controlled plantations and selling horizontal integration

Answer 11

- trying to outlaw big business to small business could compete with them, - actually helped unions and helped business consolation - competitors arent allowed to work together to change prices and such

Answer 12

ustified bad or untruthful acts of businessmen even when they were shady and unfair - carinage thought people should use their wealth for good, he funded education but also was a bad employer and caused the pullman strike - justify their corrupted business ways

Answer 13

- women moved to cities, leaving farms - aa women worked in domestic jobs - chinese exclusion act denined chinese people to immigrate and work in the us - aa people hard time finding labor, many in the convict workforce - child labor, especially in the south

Answer 14

- new industry system wh machines caused some workers to disregard traditional ways of production completely (woodworking) or combined factory and domestic work (cloth making) - dangerous work environments, little federal regulation, child labor, long hours to make enough money, depressions and reccesion’s common

Answer 15

- founded in 1864, Pennsylvania - reform wages - accepted unskilled workers- women, minorities - labor organization, very successful and popular at the start ~eventually got less popular,wage system defeated - supported reforms and hated wage system - wanted to offset power to industrialists, have working class power

Answer 16

- 1886 - accepted wage system - excluded unskilled, domestic, immigrant and women workers - bargained for more wages and better work system to get the workers social mobility - got the illinois factory investigation act to get government regulations for factories - created labor day

Answer 17

- henrey grady, wanted to be more like n and w with their urbanization and manufactoring - s ppl wanted a new south to take advantage of their raw materials and use mills, factories connecting them to the north - less agricultural lifestyle - n + w investors used the south for morerailroads, resources, tried to beat the s in wealth - mills were flourishing in the s, north took over - s mostly sent raw materials to n and w - reinforced s status as the nations internal colony

Answer 18

region of south virginina, carolinas, and into north alabama and georgia - thriving h yarn, cloth mills

Answer 19

- same as before, small communities - religious - mill towns - homes, schools, no privacy - social discipline, work hard

Answer 20

- n dustries and factories in cities, often near water ~drawing in many ppl who want to work - immigrants, close ethnic groups, considered work here very stressful - workers lived in tenements, crowded and bad - rich ppl lived in mansions or townhouses ~their areas had better communal provisions, art places - new architecture, streets and streetcars, bridges, buildings, elevated trains (prevent death and make room) to follow the growing prosperity of the us - new sewage systems, didn’t work along with destroying land for places to put waste

Answer 21

Era post civil war, favoring growth of a higher business class that had money and leisure, national networks, stalks and shared interest in art, religion, charities and social settings - mark twain

Answer 22

elaborate houses, women controlling social life showing off wealth, art lovers

Answer 23

- small business owners/workers salaried employees who worked for gov/corporations, clerical jobs - lived in suburbs: towns away from cities/work ~men traveled to work in cities - women took care of home, new tech to help them do daily tasks, shopping became popular, children didnt work - exercise was important, seen as mentally tough - parks, stadiums, sports teams (baseball) brought communities together

Answer 24

- Tenements - cheaper clothes targeted to them - couldn’t afford any tech/stuff to help clean - made garments on the side for extra $$$ - started to have fun/leisure

Answer 25

- needed better education for a better democracy and as there were more immigrants coming ~taxes for education, more public schools ~ higher education, research programs - womens colleges, many went to vocational schools for nursing or teaching - business school for boys, high school preparing them for working - tuskegee: school for aa, vocational school, al

Answer 26

middle class wanted rules for things like parks and public spaces, working class wanted less rules

Answer 27

1st- new factories, mechanization, cotton gin, telegraph, boats 2nd- interchangeable parts, assembly line, trains, electricity and 25 mill + immigrants

Answer 28

1. technological innovation: interchangeable parts, assembly line, TRAINS 2. natural resources: new minerals, gold rush, easy source of capital (where the $ comes from) 3. corporatized management: increase efficacy, 4. marketing: mass marketing and advertising for the first time 5. huge labor force: from immigrants, AA, outpaced Europeans

Answer 29

- end consumption/sale of alc - also supported helping people with ending homelessness, prison reform and womens suffrage - there were anti saloon leagues that banned ac in smaller towns - 18th amendment banned it

Answer 30

- social evil - congress padded a law in 1910 that permitted deportation of foreign born prostitues/employers - “white slave traffic”, antiprostitution ideas, targeted europeans - was a valuable job for girls to have replaced by callgirls

Answer 31

- working class ppl used theater, amusement parks, playgrounds as leasiure before movies - national board of censorship made regulations

Answer 32

- schools prioritized respect, authority, patriotism - used school to help immigrants assimilate - started school earlier in ages and ended older - smith hughes act promoted vocational schools

Answer 33

- by 1920 14.5 mill immigrants - some wanted to return home, kept them going - forced to buy overpriced stuff from factories - later got insurances an benefits - many working in factories, 7 days, bad pay - living in cities, ghettos - european ~southern e as well ~ bottom factory jobs ~ driven by agricultural issue, land shortage, better jobs - jews from antisemitism - canadians to ne mills - mexicans had seasonal farmers ~ cali or texas - carribean people to NY, made successful businesses wh education, shunned by white ppl - japanese went to cali, couldnt become legal citizens

Answer 34

- lived in ny - worked in clothing manufacturing, had cramped spaces, on and off working seasons, little pay, hard hours, time=money - 1909 2 places struke, alligned wh organizations like womens trade union but got harassed and ended the strikes - Fire in the shirtwatse triangle factroy company, 145 jewish women trapped inside and killed - frances perkins + others petioned for a NY commison for factory safety regulations

Answer 35

- western mining popular - forced to buy stuff from the companies, overpriced - women had to maintain the house, farm, kids and work - 1913 - workers called for better safety, higher wages and a union. workers had to move to makeshift tents and struke - bankrupted colordado, govener sent troops there, shot rang out and 14 ppl were killed - caused widespread anger towards rockefeller and the fuel company

Answer 36

- sub unions that were job specific - still had skilled workers, very exclusive - hard time thriving, different sections made it harder

Answer 37

- wobbies - industrial workers of the world - socialist group (= treatment) - diverse unskilled workers - extreme, calling for change - ended by WW1 wh gov being like they hate america - popular in pacific nw, mining industries - colorado strikes made it

Answer 38

NAM- anti labor unions, open shop/eradicate unions western fed of miners- stroke because companies fired labor union workers, conditions were rough in the west

Answer 39

open shop- favored by owners, dont have to be in the union, didnt have to be forced to strike/pay 4 union closed shop- join union

Answer 40

community of artist, writers, activists in greenwitch city ny - supported laborers - middle class - support socialism and anarchy - changed views on - freaky - everyone found a placewomen and sexuality

Answer 41

- mc women, had more time, kids in school - womens clubs: focused on women empowerment, new learning, activism, child labor reforms - national consumers league: combining classes, working women, florance kelly

Answer 42

- coined the phrase birth control - nurse, went to europe to learn about female contraception - wrote abt female sexuality in womens rebel and family limitation, abt womens rights to her body, threatened jail an fled back to europe - came back to give speeches abt birth control + clinics and womens rights

Answer 43

- working agriculturally - still seen as less than, facing racism - racist serotypes and characters - s progressives thought aa was inferior but crucial to the south progressing\ - NAACP

Answer 44

- born as a slave in 1865, from virginia area - went to hampton u - founded Tuskegee - wanted aa to assimilate, be economically successful, less abt activism, didnt mind segregation but secretly donated to not have it

Answer 45

- grew up N, later, more progressive - fisk and harvard - studied how blck ppl lived in america - wrote souls of black folk - wanted ppl to fight for their rights, hated segregation - double conciseness- looking at yourself from others - talented 10- best 10% black men to study and prosper - nigeria movement

Answer 46

- help the workers wh passing stuff 4 better pay and hours - activist supportive president - unique president, good speaker had trusted smart officials help economy - wanted gov to have power over business to let them know gov was on top - reelected in 1904 - pure drug + food act: regulate food and drug stuff, make sure its healthy ~ big business owners in support cause they could afford cleanliness and smaller business couldnt - wanted to apply the monroe docterine, make panama canal: ~ eurpeans busy wh napolean, not looking at SA countries, helped enforce panama freedom and built the canal ~ british supported, made other europen countries not at strong - carry a big stick, imperialism, use army

Answer 47

- TR saw importance in environment - pinchot created forest rangers, conservationist-use nature 4 human benefit - muir was a preservationist- leave nature as is - san fransico made a dam near yosmite, conservationist wanted to use the dam for good and won, preservationist were anti

Answer 48

- pres in 1908, more strict, repub - same policies as tr but bitter - tr didnt like taft, decided to run again in 1912 - dollar diplomacy-businesses imperializing, american investments, boost economy ~ 1st attempt at the railroad in china

Answer 49

- democrat, won 1912, ppl more interested in politics again - didnt want to use the army - made higher taxes to drive down prices - got involed in mexican wars

Answer 50

congress could levy taxes

Answer 51

1913, reduced taxes on wool, sugar, farm machines, shoes, iron, steel federal reserve act

Answer 52

diminished power of fed banks + created 12 fed reserve banks

Answer 53

unions cant be illegal replace sherman act, made unions seem like trusts

Answer 54

fed gov has control over large corporations

Answer 55

other countries stay away from south america, dont violate us rights/interst, monroe docterine

Answer 56

vote 4 senators in throu direct priamary elections