APUSH - Time Period 1 (1492-1607) Flashcards

Question

casta system definition and importance

Answer 1

definition: a Latin America social class system based on race importance: influenced social status, economic opportunities, rights, and social dynamics in Latin America

Answer 2

definition: the top class of the Casta system, spanish born ppl who came to the americas importance: overlooked the economy and held big government positions

Answer 3

definition: 2nd highest rank on the castas system, Spaniards born in the New World Importance: fought with peninsulares for control and wanted more representation in their class

Answer 4

definition: 3rd highest in the casta system, mixed with European, indigenous people, and Africans importance: shaped the fabric culture, and maintained control by favoring Europeans in arguments against Africans and indigenous people

Answer 5

definition: 4th highest on the casta system, mixed with African and European importance: added to the diverse culture complexities of social status

Answer 6

definition: 4th highest on the casta system, people mixed with European and indigenous people importance: influenced the culture and further complicated the casta system

Answer 7

definition: 6th highest on the casta system, pure african importance: always put to work in mines, domestically, and in farms, contributed to afro-latin culture, and were victims of early discrimination

Answer 8

native americans who lived there before colonization

Answer 9

definition: 7th highest/last on the casta system, native american race importance: preserved culture, language, knowledge systems, wanted land rights, no discrimination, and cultural preservation

Answer 10

definition: a system where settlers were given land and Native American slaves in exchange for spreading Christian ideas from the Spanish crown importance: sparked debates on how Native Americans should be treated, and settlers got slaves for mining, farming, and the economy

Answer 11

Peninsulares Criollos Castas Mulattos Mestizos African Native Americans please can cassie munch meals and not apples

Answer 12

definition: the Spanish crown made a contract with other European nations where they were allowed to bring African slaves to the Americas importance: influenced European nations to participate in the transatlantic slave trade and led to arguments, and led to the slaves being used a lot

Answer 13

definition: the slavery system where slaves could be bought, sold, inherited, and traded importance: there were slaves to do the spanish people's labor, dehumanization was promoted, and debated were sparked over human rights

Answer 14

definition: the exchange between the old world and the Americas. food, animals, culture, ideas, technology, and diseases were exchanged importance: new food was introduced, new deadly diseases were introduced to the indigenous people, and new cultural ideas (religion, technology, and languages) were exchanged

Answer 15

definition: a deadly disease that includes a fever and a rash importance: it wiped out a large portion of Native Americans, it made it easier for the Spanish to conquer, and it led to the creation of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century

Answer 16

definition: a revolt in New Mexico in which the Native Americans drove out the Spanish Importance: led to the Spanish leaving New Mexico for a long time, the Native Americans being able to preserve their culture and religion, and forced the Spanish to treat the Native Americans better

Answer 17

environment/ecosystem: long cold winters, short mild summers, boreal forest/taiga, coniferous trees (spruce, pine), wetlands, rivers, lakes, caribou, moose, fish, bears ecosystem: traded fur/meat/fish and animals with Arctics, used animals for food/clothes/tools, mostly hunted and trapped animals and fished and gathered roots/berries/nuts,

Answer 18

environment/ecosystem: cold and dry winters, cool short summers, ice, tundras, seals, whales, polar bears economy: traded with neighboring areas (Dene, Cree, Inuit, Norse), fished, hunted, could not farm so heavy reliance on sea and ice, used animals for food, clothing, tools,

Answer 19

environment/ecosystem: mild climate, wet winters, lots of rain and vegetation, dense temperate rainforests, rugged coastline, several rivers and streams, salmon, seals, whales, birds economy: heavily relied on fishing (mostly salmon), developed advanced fishing tools/techniques, hunted and gathered deer, berries, roots, used wood to make houses, canoes, totems, traded fish, sea products, furs, and meat with inland tribes

Answer 20

environment/ecosystem: Mediterranean climate, wet mild winters, dry warm summers, coastal plains, rolling hills, mountain ranges, sandy beaches, rocky shorelines, deer, rabbits, birds, fish, shellfish economy: heavily relied on fishing and gathering, limited farming, basket weaving, tool making, shell bead currency, traded fish, beads, crafts, obsidian, and food with inland tribes

Answer 21

environment/ecosystem: dry, hot summers, cold winters, elevated plateau with mountains, valleys, rivers, limited vegetation (sagebrush, juniper, pine), deer, elk, coyotes, birds Economy: limited agriculture (corn, beans, and squash near rivers), hunted deer, elk, gathered roots, berries, seeds, traded with neighboring tribes, weaved baskets, beadwork

Answer 22

Environment/Ecosystems: dry desert, hot summers, cold winters, mountain ranges, limited vegetation (sagebrush, saltbrush, desert shrubs), rabbits, rodents, reptiles, birds Economy: hunting small game and gathering, migrated seasonally to find food and water, traded obsidian, baskets, and medicinal plants through mountains and rivers, practiced spiritual ceremonies and basket weaving

Answer 23

Ecosystem/Environment: dry, hot summers, mild winters, desert plains, canyons, mesas, mountain ranges, limited vegetation (cacti, mesquite, desert shrubs, pine, juniper), coyotes, jackrabbits, lizards, rattlesnakes Economy: used irrigation systems to grow corn, beans, squash, cotton, developed big trade networks with neighboring tribes, traded food, pottery, turquoise, known for pottery making, basket weaving, and turquoise jewelry making, build permanent villages (pueblos) and cliff dwellings organized in clans and different religious societies

Answer 24

Environment/Ecosystem: dry and humid, hot summers, cold winters, big grasslands, few trees, rivers, lakes, hills, buffalo grass, grama grass, shrubs, bison, antelope, deer, wolves, birds Economy: hunted bison for food, clothes, tools, and trade, nomandic lifestyle, followed bison herds, gathered berries and roots, traded buffalo products, horses, furs, and tools with other tribes, created sun dances

Answer 25

Environment/Ecosystem: temperate with 4 different seasons, cold winters, warm summers, forests, rivers, lakes, vegetation included oak, maple, beach trees, riverside marshes, wetlands, wildlife including deer, bears, beavers, turkeys, birds Economy: grew corn, beans, squash, tobacco, hunted deer, bear, salmon, and trout, had many trade networks and traded furs and shell beads

Answer 26

Ecosystem/Environment: warm and humid, long growing seasons, lots of rain, mild winters, coastal plains, wetlands, swamps, forests, rivers, rolling hills, lush forests, deciduous trees, evergreen trees, mangrove trees, cypress trees, lots of wildlife including deer, turkey, alligators, fish Economy: grew the three sisters, lots of fertile land, hunted deer, turkey, fish, made pottery, baskets, tools, traded animal skins and crafted items

Answer 27

Ecosystem/Environment: tropical climate, warm all the time, wet and dry seasons, several islands, coastal plains, beaches, rainforests, mountain regions, lots of tropical forests with cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, maize, pineapples, bananas, lots of marine life Economy: practiced growing cassava, maize, sweet potatos, lots of fertile soil, fished, used mainly marine resources, did pottery, weaving, tool making, traded cotton, woven baskets, pottery, and food with neighboring islands, used canoes for inter island travel and trade

Answer 28

Ecosystem/Environment: tropical rainforests, dry highlands, coastal plains, warm, seasonal rain, mountain ranges, volcanic plateaus, lowland jungles, coastal regions, plants such as corn, beans, squash, cacao, chili peppers, animals such as jaguars, monkeys, birds, reptiles Economy: grew corn, beans, squash, cacao, terraced, irrigated, big trade networks, made pottery, weaved baskets, jewelry, carved stones, built big cities like pyramids, temples, plazas

Answer 29

South america, Andes Mountains Pacific Coast

Answer 30

traded potatoes, maize, minerals, animals, crops, tools, llamas

Answer 31

emperor supreme ruler of the state, empire divided into four Suyus, each under a governor who reported to the king

Answer 32

emperor supreme ruler of the state, empire divided into four Suyus, each under a governor who reported to the king

Answer 33

Sapa Inca ruling over society, royalty, nobles, commoners, peasants

Answer 34

central america, mesoamerica, Yucatan Peninsula

Answer 35

irrigation and water storage, temples, cities, maize traded crops and gold, copper, jade, pottery, limestone to build

Answer 36

hierarchical (different levels) government ruled by kings and priests, independent city states with rural communities and urban ceremonial centers

Answer 37

Rulers who they believed descended from the gods, class structure with four main levels: nobility, priesthood, common people, and slaves

Answer 38

central america, mesoamerica

Answer 39

Tenochtitlan (city), written language, systems of irrigation, maize, economy based on agriculture and trade, fruits, vegetables, beans

Answer 40

Government similar to a monarchy with an emperor or king as the primary ruler, ultimate power in the land, descended from gods and divine right

Answer 41

Priests upholding fertility with human sacrifice, eight different social classes: rulers, warriors, nobility, priests, free poor, slaves, servants, middle class Restaurants Will Never Put Free Produce Samples Since Many Come

Answer 42

Southwest, New Mexico and Arizona

Answer 43

Sedentary (stayed in same area), maize, built adobe and masonry homes, corn, beans, squash, agricultural economy, Turquoise currency

Answer 44

autonomous villages (run themselves), governed by a council, composed of the heads of religious societies, tribal governor and war chief, staff

Answer 45

Highly organized society with administrative offices, religious centers, and craft shops, clan system with many tribes, women owned house and garden, egalitarian

Answer 46

Great Basin/ Plains

Answer 47

hunting, bison, small animals, fish, plants, traded meats and hides

Answer 48

Egalitarian, everyone has equal rights, Bands consisted of several residential units (demes) that united under a leader, usually an elder male who had demonstrated prowess as a hunter as well as wisdom in decision making. Leaders often had one or more assistants who served as speakers or in other capacities.

Answer 49

families were small - a husband and wife, their children, and sometimes elderly grandparents. Elders made important decisions and were treated with great respect. Eventually, when the size and number of families increased, the Utes organized into seven groups called bands.

Answer 50

Hunters, gatherers, fishermen, wide-ranging trading network, shell beads for money, acorns, seeds, bulbs, roots, nuts, bears, seals, deer, otters, rabbits

Answer 51

Village, headed by a hereditary chief which was passed down in their family, sedentary and permanent

Answer 52

Three-class social structure, lower, middle, and upper, chiefs, doctors, then craftspeople

Answer 53

Northwest Coast

Answer 54

Ocean, fishing villages, forests, elk, great cedar trees to build plank houses

Answer 55

basic social unit was a local group consisting of close relatives and headed by a senior member

Answer 56

Giant houses holding up to 70 members of the same kinship band, divided into classes of free individuals and slaves

Answer 57

Maize, squash, beans, agricultural, hunted, fished, nuts, berries, and shells, beads and rocks as wampum and currency

Answer 58

a common council composed of clan and village chiefs, Each moiety (group) is made up of two or three clans, or families, who are led by the Clan Mother, the oldest woman in the clan, females

Answer 59

Villages of several hundred people, longhouses holding between 30-50 family members, households (each representing a lineage) were divisions of clans, several clans constituted each moiety (social tribe) and the two moieties combined to create a tribe

Answer 60

Mississippi River Valley, north of Mesoamerica, central and the southeast

Answer 61

Largest settlement in their region, Along with corn, Cahokians cultivated goosefoot, amaranth, canary grass and other starchy seeds, economy derived from agricultural labor

Answer 62

Government led by powerful chieftains who centralized the government and engaged in trade networks

Answer 63

chief and elite class controlling workers in lower classes

Answer 64

Nash’s thesis about the differences between European and Native American societies is that while Europeans are focused on their own personal ego, Native Americans believed in collective ambition. The individual ambition of Europeans caused them to migrate across the Atlantic in the sixteenth century and seventeenth centuries. On the other hand, benefiting the Native American’s society as a whole was their main focus. Selfish acts such and personal ambition were not accepted.

Answer 65

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Columbian Exchange brought several goods and ideas to the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Europeans would go to the Americas for personal and selfish goals of becoming rich through trading, gaining glory, fame, and honor. However, when the Native Americans would trade with the Europeans, they would share all of their new goods among themselves, and focused on trading for the benefit of the people.

Answer 66

What is Crosby’s thesis about how horses affected the lives of American Indians? Crosby believes that horses caused the Indians to have a new way of gaining food. Farming was too difficult, due to the tough soil. According to Crosby, the horses allowed the Indians to take advantage of the excessive amounts of buffalo and cattle, due to their impressive speed and stamina. The Indians would then use these athletic animals in order to hunt for excessive amounts of food, which they could not previously obtain due to their speed. The American Indians would also eventually stop farming. Their horses were able to assist in gathering excessive amounts of food, so there was no need for them to grow more when they could simply use the horses.

Answer 67

Before the Native Americans had horses, it was difficult for them to hunt, since they had to run on foot. When the Europeans discovered the Americas, they brought horses. Tribes in the Plains and Great Basin area such as the Ute began using these quick animals. This allowed them to capture more buffalo and cattle, since they could now catch up to them. Another example is when the Native Americans began to use horses to trade. Horses allowed them to travel to tribes that were far away, in order to help them trade for new items.

Answer 68

Betanzo believes that the Spanish conquistadores have different perspectives than the Incas because of their lack of interest. The Spanish conquistadores were more focused on acquiring land than learning about the Incas and their language. Due to their inability to understand the Incas, they were unable to ask questions about the land. They also have differing perspectives because the Incas were too afraid to tell the conquistadores everything, and give a full account.

Answer 69

Sepulveda emphasizes the difference of intelligence between Europeans and and Native Americans. He thinks that the Spaniards are superior to the Natives, and describes their relationship as apes to men, children to adults, and women to men. Sepulveda also says that while the Europeans are smart and talented, the Indians are not even literate, and have no written laws. He also says that while the Europeans are good in battle, the Native Americans are very cowardly, and flee at the sight of the Spaniards.

Answer 70

Sepulveda describes the Indians as inferior to the Europeans because they are illiterate and cowardly. His evidence is that they have no written laws, and they always run away during battle with the Europeans. Sepulveda proves that the Europeans are superior, due to their temperance and humanity. He believes that while the Europeans present temperance, it cannot be expected by the Indians, who eat human flesh. Sepulveda also states that after battle, the Europeans put forward effort to save the conquered, and protect them from their allies. While the Indians do not consider their victories worth while unless they are able to put their enemies’ bodies on display.

Answer 71

Sepulveda believes that civilized people elect their leaders through a vote, build their cities in a rational way, carry out commercial activities together in a civilized manner, are religious, and present humanity, temperance, prudence, magnanimity, and talent.

Answer 72

Bartolome de las Casas describes the Spanish as thieves who have taken the Native Americans' property and assumed that they present unintelligence. However, de las Casas says that the Native Americans are ready to learn, embrace, and accept the teachings of Christ. He believes that they are not stupid and barbaric, but rather they are accepting and simple people.

Answer 73

Bartolome de las Casas’ shows that a reason for Spanish exploration was spreading Christian ideas. When the Europeans went to the Americas, one of their goals was spreading the teachings of Christ. Bartolome says that they have been assuming that the Indians are stupid and barbaric. On the other hand, he describes them as simple people, who are ready and eager to learn. In actuality, they also present how easy it was to understand what was being taught.

Answer 74

Thornton sees Afro-American and Afro-Caribbean culture as several dozens of independent cultures mixed together. Due to the conditions of slave trade, direct transmissions of African culture were not possible. When slaves were being transferred in groups, the slaves in the same group were randomized, and would not normally be from the same area. Therefore, their different cultures would end up mixing together, and creating an entire new culture.

Answer 75

The Middle Passage is a horrible pathway. Many Africans were traded for goods to the Europeans, and forced onto a cramped ship. They had to abruptly leave, with no idea where their destination would be. Rumors of field work have been spread, but it was hard to believe due to the simplicity of farming. Many believed that they would be eaten. They had shackles on their limbs and brands on their bodies. About 300 to 400 Africans were forced into a very tiny area, with little ventilation, and filled with feces. It became very hot, and many of them grew sick and even died due to the unhealthy air. Some Africans would rather die than live in these inhumane conditions, but it proved difficult with the food being forcibly shoved down their throats in order for them to stay in good condition for trading.

APUSH - Time Period 1 (1492-1607) Flashcards

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