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ANACHEM PRELIMS > AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA > Flashcards

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA Flashcards

1
Q

substances that have a natural positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved in water

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Ionized completely in a solvent

A

Strong Electrolytes

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3
Q

Ionized partially on solvent

A

Weak Electrolytes

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4
Q

produced in the reaction of an acid with a base - Examples include NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaOOCCH3 (sodium acetate)

A

Salt

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5
Q

acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor - For a molecule to behave as an acid, it must encounter a proton acceptor (or base). Likewise, a molecule that can accept a proton behaves as a base if it encounters an acid.

A

Brønsted-Lowry Theory

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6
Q

formed when an acid loses a proton. For example, acetate ion is the conjugate base of acetic acid

A

Conjugate Base

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7
Q

formed when a base accepts a proton

A

Conjugate Acid

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8
Q

is the hydrated proton formed when water reacts with an acid

A

Hydronium Ions

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9
Q

species that have both acidic and basic properties

A

Amphiprotic Species

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10
Q

are an important class of amphiprotic compounds that contain both a weak acid and a weak base functional group

A

simple amino acids

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11
Q

a species that has both a positive and a negative charge

A

zwitterion

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12
Q

is the classic example of an amphiprotic solvent, that can act either as an acid or as a base depending on the solute.

A

Water

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13
Q

Other Common Amphiprotic Solvents

A

methanol, ethanol, and anhydrous acetic acid

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14
Q

(also called autoionization) is the spontaneous reaction of molecules of a substance to give a pair of ion

A

Autoprotolysis

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15
Q

reaction with the solvent is sufficiently complete that no undissociated solute molecules are left in aqueous solution

A

Strong Acids

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16
Q

react incompletely with water to give solutions containing significant quantities of both the parent acid and its conjugate base

A

Weak Acids

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17
Q

various acids dissociate to different degrees and have different strengths

A

Differentiating Solvent

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18
Q

everal acids are completely dissociated and show the same strength

A

Leveling Solvent

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19
Q

the ratio of concentrations of reactants and products is constant

A

Chemical Equilibrium

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20
Q

are algebraic equations that describe the concentration relationships among reactants and products at equilibrium

A

Equilibrium-constant Expressions

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21
Q

states that the position of an equilibrium always shifts in such a direction as to relieve a stress that is applied to the system
an increase in temperature of a system alters the concentration relationship in the direction that tends to absorb heat, and an increase in pressure favors those participants that occupy a smaller total volume

A

Le Châtelier’s Principle

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22
Q

a shift in the position of an equilibrium caused by adding one of the reactants or products to a system

A

Mass-action Effect

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23
Q

is a branch of chemistry that concerns the flow of heat and energy in chemical reactions. The position of a chemical equilibrium is related to these energy changes

A

Chemical Thermodynamics

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24
Q

resists changes in pH when it is diluted or when acids or bases are added to it

A

Buffer Solution

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25
Q

The analyte is separated from a solution of the sample as a precipitate and is converted to a compound of known composition that can be weighed

A

Precipitation Gravimetry

26
Q

the analyte is separated from other constituents of a sample by converting it to a gas of known chemical composition

A

Volatilization Gravimetry

27
Q

the analyte is separated by deposition on an electrode by an electrical current
The mass of this product then provides a measure of the analyte concentration

A

Electrogravimetry

28
Q

the mass of a reagent of known concentration required to react completely with the analyte provides the information needed to determine the analyte concentration

A

Gravimetric Titrimetry

29
Q

uses a mass spectrometer to separate the gaseous ions formed from the elements making up a sample of matter

A

Atomic Mass Spectroscopy

30
Q

a stable phase showing little tendency to aggregate and separate from the aqueous phase

A

Colloidal Suspensions

31
Q

composed of particles having large diameters about a tenth of a millimeter or greater

A

Crystalline Suspension

32
Q

is the effect of light scattering in colloidal dispersion while showing no light in a true solution
This effect is used to determine whether a mixture is a true solution or a colloid

A

Tyndall Effect

33
Q

the ratio of the difference of the concentration of the reactants and the solubility of the precipitate to the solubility of the precipitate. Supersaturation ratio is defined as the supply rate of solute Q based on the growth rate in a quasisteady state

A

Relative Super Saturation

34
Q

the initial process of the formation of a crystal. The crystals may form from solutions, liquids or from vapo

A

Nucleation

35
Q

the process of increasing the size of a pre-existing crystal structure

A

Particle growth or crystal growth

36
Q

Particle Growth or Crystal Growth in Three Stages

A

Nucleation
Coalescent Coagulation
Agglomeration

37
Q

is an unstable solution that contains a higher solute concentration than a saturated solution. As excess solute precipitates with time, supersaturation decreases to zero

A

Supersaturated Solution

38
Q

is a process in which a substance (gas, liquid, or solid) is held on the surface of a solid A

A

Adsorption

39
Q

is retention of a substance within the pores of a solid

A

Absorption

40
Q

Consist mainly of adsorbed ions

A

Primary Adsorption Layer

41
Q

which contains sufficient excess of negative ions to just balance the charge on the surface of the particle

A

Counter – ion Layer

42
Q

is a process by which a coagulated colloid returns to its dispersed state

A

Peptization

43
Q

is a process in which a precipitate is heated in the solution from which it was formed (the mother liquor) and allowed to stand in contact with the solution

A

Digestion

44
Q

is the solution from which a precipitate was formed

A

Mother Liquor

45
Q

is a process in which normally soluble compounds are carried out of solution by a precipitate

A

Coprecipitation

46
Q

Four Types of Coprecipitation

A
  1. Surface Adsorption
  2. Mixed – crystal Formation
  3. Occlusion
  4. Mechanical Entrapment
47
Q

common source of coprecipitation and is likely to cause significant contamination of precipitates with large specific surface areas that is coagulated colloids

A

Surface Adsorption

48
Q

a drastic but effective way to minimize the effects of adsorption

A

Reprecipitation

49
Q

is a type of coprecipitation in which a contaminant ion replaces an ion in the lattice of a crystal

A

Mixed-Crystal Formation

50
Q
  • is a type of coprecipitation in which a compound is trapped within a pocket formed during rapid crystal growth
A

Occlusion

51
Q

occurs when crystals lie close together during growth

A

Mechanical Entrapment

52
Q

is a process in which a precipitate is formed by slow generation of a precipitating reagent homogeneously throughout a solution

A

Homogeneous precipitation

53
Q

typically form slightly soluble salts or hydrous oxides with the analyte

A

Inorganic Precipitating Agents

54
Q

loses electrons and is oxidized in a chemical reaction.

A

Reducing Agents

55
Q

chemical compound that binds tightly to metal ions
compounds typically contain at least two

A

Chelating Agents

56
Q

cyclical metal-organic compounds in which the metal is a part of one or more five- or sixmembered rings.

A

Chelates

57
Q

Widely Used Chelating Agents

A

8-Hydroxyquinoline (oxine)
Dimethylglyoxime
Sodium Tetraphenylborate

58
Q

vary widely from cation to cation and are pH dependent because 8-hydroxyquinoline is always deprotonated during a chelation reaction.

A

8-Hydroxyquinoline (oxine)

59
Q

is an organic precipitating agent of unparalleled specificity

A

Dimethylglyoxime

60
Q

is an important example of an organic precipitating reagent that forms salt-like precipitates

A

Sodium Tetraphenylborate

ANACHEM PRELIMS (3 decks)

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