INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Question 1

It is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter.

Answer 1

Analytical Chemistry

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contributes in the development of systematic elemental analysis and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reasons of functional group

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Just von Leibig

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discovered Rubidium and Cesium in 1860
Flame Emission Spectrometry

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Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

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2 NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

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Qualitative
Quantitative

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reveals the identity of the elements and compounds in a sample

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Qualitative

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• indicates the amount of each substance in a sample

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Quantitative

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are the components of a sample that are determined

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Analytes

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• conforms to the minimum standards set forth by the Reagent Chemical Committee
• it has a maximum limit of impurities ( most high purity)

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Reagent Grade

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a highly pure and stable chemicals reagent used to prepare standard solutions

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Primary - Standard Grade

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used for specific applications especially when advanced and hi-tech instruments are involve

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Special - Purpose Reagent Chemicals

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is frequently difficult to control because of the tendency of some solutions to overheat locally

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Evaporation

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is the sudden, often violent boiling that tends to separate solutions out of its container

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BUMPING

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is the oxidation of the organic constituents of a sample with oxidizing reagents such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, aqueous bromine or combination of these reagent

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WET ASHING-

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has a maximum capacity that ranges from 1g to several kilograms and precision at maximum capacity of at least 1 part in 10^5

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Analytical Balance

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is the most common type of analytical balance and it has a maximum load of 160 to 200g and a precision of 0.1 mg

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Macrobalance

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has a maximum load of 10 to 30g and a precision of 0.01 mg

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Semimicroanalytoical Balance

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has a maximum load of 1 to 3g and a precision of 0.001 mg or 1 microgram

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Microanalytical Balance

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for freezers and refrigerators

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Total Immersion

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for water bath and heating blocks

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Partial Immersion

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Serve only as containers

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Simple Crucible

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used principally to convert a precipitate into a suitable weighing form

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porcelain, aluminum oxide, silica and platinum crucible

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are used as containers for the high-temperature fusion of samples that are not soluble aqueous reagents

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nickel, iron, silver and gold crucible

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-serve not only as containers but also as filters
vacuum is used to hasten the filtration

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Filtering Crucible

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manufactured in fine, medium and coarse porosities Upper temperature limit is usually about 200 deg Celsius

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Sintered Glass ( Fritted Glass)

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has perforated bottom that supports a fibrous mat

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Gooch Crucible

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is an important filtering medium ashless paper is manufactured from cellulose fiber treated with hydrochloric acids

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Filter Paper

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electrically heated and capable of maintaining a constant temperature to within 1 deg celsius

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Oven

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are currently quite popular and they greatly shorten drying cycles

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Microwave laboratory ovens

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can be used to dry precipitate that has been collected on ashless paper and to burn the paper as well completed by ignition at an elevated temperature

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Ordinary heat lamp

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are convenient source of intense heat Heating Equipment

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Burners

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Accurate known volume - Volumetric or transfer pipet delivers single fix volume between 0.5 to 200 ml - Measuring pipets are calibrated to convenient units to permit delivery of any volume up to max capacity ranging from 0.1 to 25 m

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Pipettes

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Deliver adjustable microliter volume of liquid known and adjustable volume of air is displaced from the disposable plastic tips

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Hand-held Eppendorf Micropipettes

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enable the analyst to deliver any volume up to their maximum capacities It has greater precision than a pipette Consist of calibrated tubes and valve by which flow titrant is controlled

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Burettes

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capacity range from 5 ml to 5 L Used in preparing standard solutions and dilution of samples to a fixed volume

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Volumetric Flask

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is the apparent displacement of a liquid level or of a pointer as an observer changes position or viewed in the wrong angle or position

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Parallax

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is the curved surface of a liquid at its interface with the atmosphere

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Meniscus

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lower meniscus

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Clear liquid

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upper meniscus

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Colored/ dark liquid