Area 5- child

Question 1

what is attachment

Answer 1

affectional tie to one person or animal forms between themself and another specific one

Question 2

what is westernised idea of attachment

Answer 2

normally mother and child, mother plays main role in child rearing - temporal validity

Question 3

what is the critical period

Answer 3

3 years old
sensitive period- flexibility

Question 4

what is the behaviourist idea of attachment

Answer 4

attachment is learned through operant+ classical conditioning

Question 5

what is operant condition applied to attachment

Answer 5

bond reinforced
crying for mum to get reward- positively reinforced
crying- animal instinct- evolution to survive

Question 6

how is classical conditioning applied to attachment

Answer 6

paired association- associates crying with receiving mother
ucs- food
ucr- pleasure
ns- mother
cs- mother
cr- pleasure to mother

Question 7

what was Dollard and millers theory

Answer 7

drive reward- attachment explained in terms of motivations
babies have innate, biological drives that motivate their behaviour

Question 8

what are primary and secondary drives

Answer 8

primary- food, drink
secondary- learns to associate caregiver with primary drive
attatchment- learnt through association with innate primary drive

Question 9

what is the cupboard of love theory

Answer 9

someone is nice to get something they want
baby associates car giver with feeling good so eventually carer produces that ‘feel good’ response- classical
baby cries- carer responds to get reward of carer- operant

Question 10

who came up with cupboard of love theory

Answer 10

Freud and Ainsworth

Question 11

what did Lorenza do

Answer 11

studied nature of attachment through geese
half placed in incubator, half under mother
the first thing the goose touched was wither mother or Lorenza
geese in incubator followed Lorenza, mother followed mother
attachment - innate- survival instinct - can be formed but not reversed

Question 12

what did Harlow conclude

Answer 12

attachment is formed with mother through tactile comfort
need to touch or cling to something for emotional comfort
studied through monkeys- universal

Question 13

what was bowlby’s theory

Answer 13

attachment is pre-dispositional - how it is used is down to environment
monotrophic hypothesis- one primary caregiver only - normally mother
has to form in first 2 years- critical period , if not they are an affectionless/emotionless psychopath
maternal deprivation- mother taken away e.g. death, work, adoption, prison

Question 14

what was Rutter’s theory

Answer 14

extension of bowlby
maternal privation ( never having opportunity to form bond)

Question 15

what is the internal model of the child

Answer 15

caregivers behaviour:
positive and loved- secure
unloved and rejected- avoidant
angry and confused- resistant (ambivalent)

Question 16

what did Emmerson do

Answer 16

longitudinal study of 60 babies, observed carer interactions and behaviour when carers left child alone
said you can make multiple attachment’s which apposes Bowlby

Question 17

what is a secure attachment

Answer 17

trust that the caregiver will come back
loving, sensitive, seeks proximity

Question 18

what is an insecure avoidment attachment

Answer 18

avoids caregiver in times of need - doesn’t care if their there or not
insensitive and rejecting - independent

Question 19

what is insecure resistance

Answer 19

exaggerates distress - dramatic
insensitive and inconsistent

Question 20

what is insecure disorganised

Answer 20

bizarre and contradictory behaviour- linked to psychopathy disorders

Question 21

what did hazen and shaver do

Answer 21

extended Bowlby and looked at attachment type in childhood will affect later relationships by giving a questionairre to 520, 18-82 year olds from USA

Question 22

what did hazen and shaver find in terms of types of attachment effect on relationships

Answer 22

secure- trust, openness, least likely to divorce
resistant- arguing, prone to obsession, extreme sexual attraction - overdramatic, most likely to divorce
avoidant- independent wants personal space
afraid of intimacy- not had before
more likely to divorce
prone to jealousy
lack of care for feelings

Question 23

what is the background of Ainsworth and Bell

Answer 23

evolutionary function of attachment promote specific survival
any treats on survival brings the mother and baby back together but babies still explore and adventure independently

Question 24

what is the aim of Ainsworth

Answer 24

highlight features of the evolutionary concept of attachment by observing:
how much one year old babies use their mother as a base for exploration
extent of which attachment behaviour overcomes exploratory behaviour when alarm is caused from stranger joining the baby and mother
study baby’s behaviour in separation and reunion with their mother

Question 25

what is the sample of ainsworth

Answer 25

56 babies, white middle class families recruited via contacts with paediatricians. 33 of babies were observed in the strange situation at age of 49 weeks, 23 at 51 weeks confederate was stranger and two observers recorded behaviour

Question 26

what is the method if Ainsworth

Answer 26

controlled observation through a one way mirror

Question 27

what is the procedure of Ainsworth

Answer 27

8 episodes in a standard order for all babies floor was divided into 16 squares to rack movement

Question 28

what was the first 2 episodes of ainsworth

Answer 28

mother enters room carrying baby accompanied by observer then they leave 2. mother puts baby on floor and watches, only joining if baby seeks attention

Question 29

what was episode 3 and 4 of Ainsworth

Answer 29

3- stranger enters and sits quietly for 1 min, talks with mother for one min, then approaches baby showing a toy for one min, mother then leaves 4- if baby is playing, stranger doesn't participate , if baby is inactive stranger tries to interest them , if distressed the stranger comforts them

Question 30

what is episode 5 and 6 of Ainsworth

Answer 30

5- mother enters and pauses in door way so baby can respond, stranger leaves , when baby settled playing with toys mother left 6- baby left alone for 3 mins, unless to distressed

Question 31

what was episode 7 and 8 of Ainsworth

Answer 31

7- stranger enters and behaves as in episode 4 , if baby to distressed episode ends 8- mother returns, stranger leaves, reunion observed

Question 32

what 2 measures were taken and then coded in ainsworth

Answer 32

frequency of crying and exploratory behaviour (moving)

Question 33

how was the babies behaviour classified in ainsworth

Answer 33

5 categories that were rated 1-7 scored for interaction with mother in 2,3,,5 and 8 and stranger in 3,4,7

Question 34

what were the 5 categories Ainsworth measured and how

Answer 34

proximity and contact seeking behaviour (approaching, reaching) contact maintaining behaviour( clinging) proximity and interaction avoiding behaviours ( ignoring, moving away) contact and interaction resisting behaviours-( push away, scream) searching behaviours for mother (follow, look at empty chair)

Question 35

what were the results of Ainsworth for exploratory behaviours

Answer 35

low exploration in 2,3,4 visual and manipulative exploration increased at 5 but declined again once mother left exploration lowest at 7 when alone with stranger episode 2 baby played with toys but kept checking mother, episode 3 baby looked more at stranger due to them being new crying increased in episode 4 when mother left and reduced in 5 when she returned , more distress in mothers absence than stranger

Question 36

what were the results of Ainsworth for other behaviours

Answer 36

proximity seeking increased after separation , contact was low in 2 and 3 but increased at each reunion babies who scored high on contact resisting behaviours scored high on contact maintaining , so want closeness but resist contact

Question 37

what did Ainsworth conclude

Answer 37

baby is more likely to explore with presence of mother mothers absence leads to increased attachment and less exploration attachment and attachment behaviours are not identical, behaviour is increased or decreased by internal or external factors but infant is predisposed to seek proximity (attachment) attachment behaviours increase in threatening situations

Question 38

what type of attachment would have high/ and who low stranger anxiety

Answer 38

insecure avoidment - high secure- low

Question 39

what type of attachment would lead to separation protest

Answer 39

secure and insecure resistant

Question 40

what are some applications to create an attachment friendly environment

Answer 40

key workers - hospital or school- 1 on one for consistent period train key workers on importance of attachment- course or external speaker meet key workers before they go to nursery to see if they like them assign 2 key workers to keep consistency for child open plan- see key worker, half days bring in item from home- comfort - Lorenza prevent stranger anxiety and separation anxiety - skin-to-skin, allow parents to stay at hospital- Bowlby