Arm

Question 1

Describe the general characteristics and functions of the upper limb

Answer 1

The upper limb includes the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It is characterized by its mobility and its ability to grasp and manipulate.

Question 2

What are the major functions of the shoulder and elbow regions?

Answer 2

To position and stabilize the hand

Question 3

Where is the scapulothoracic joint?

Answer 3

Not a true joint, but rather a fascial plane on the scapula

Question 4

What is retraction?

Answer 4

To pull towards midline

Question 5

Which muscles are responsible for the scapula’s retraction?

Answer 5

Trapezius and rhomboids

Question 6

What is protraction?

Answer 6

To move away from midline

Question 7

Which muscles are responsible for scapula protraction?

Answer 7

Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

Question 8

What is elevation?

Answer 8

To raise superiorly

Question 9

Which muscles elevate the scapula?

Answer 9

Traps, levator scapulae, and rhomboids

Question 10

What is depression?

Answer 10

To lower inferiorly

Question 11

What is responsible for depression of scapula?

Answer 11

Gravity, pectoralis minor, traps

Question 12

What is scapular rotation?

Answer 12

To point glenoid fossa more superiorly (superior rotation) or more inferiorly (inferior rotation)

Question 13

What is responsible for scapula superior rotation?

Answer 13

Trapezius and serratus anterior

Question 14

What is responsible for inferior rotation of scapula?

Answer 14

Gravity, rhomboids, pectoralis minor, arm adductors

Question 15

What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 15

Synovial; rarely dislocated (clavicle fracture more common)

Question 16

What is the only articulation of the upper limb with trunk?

Answer 16

Sternoclavicular joint

Question 17

What does the sternoclavicular joint do?

Answer 17

Limit movement during rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction

Question 18

What do the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments do?

Answer 18

Anterior and posterior reinforcement of capsule

Question 19

What does the interclavicular ligament do?

Answer 19

Limits depression of arm

Question 20

What does the costoclavicular ligament do?

Answer 20

Limit elevation

Question 21

What does an articular disc do?

Answer 21

Divide joint cavity into two separate synovial lines cavities (increases mobility and acts as a shock absorber)

Question 22

What is one of the most commonly broken bones?

Answer 22

Clavicle; medial portion is usually elevated by sternocleidomastoid and latter is usually depressed by weight of shoulder

Question 23

What usually keeps the medial portion of the clavicle elevated in a break?

Answer 23

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 24

What kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 24

Synovial

Question 25

Which joint is stronger, sternoclavicular or acromioclavicular?

Answer 25

Sternoclavicular

Question 26

What does the acromioclavicular joint do?

Answer 26

Stabilize movement during superior and inferior rotation of the scapula

Question 27

Identify the acromioclavicular joint

Answer 27

Question 28

Identify the conoid ligament

Answer 28

Question 29

Identify the trapezoid ligament

Answer 29

Question 30

What is this an example of?

Answer 30

Acromioclavicular dislocation; AC is weaker than sternoclavicular joint; shoulder separation; requires surgery

Question 31

What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 31

Synovial; most moveable and least stable

Question 32

Where are the humeral ligaments located?

Answer 32

Primarily anteriorly and posteriorly

Question 33

What else passes through the glenohumeral joint cavity that stabilizes the joint by not allowing the head of the humerus to be displaced superiorly?

Answer 33

Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

Question 34

What are the rotator cuff muscles? What joint do they surround

Answer 34

Help maintain the integrity of glenohumeral joint SITS: S - supraspinous I - infraspinatus T - teres major S - subscapularis

Question 35

Where are most glenohumeral joint dislocations?

Answer 35

Inferiorly

Question 36

Which ligament prevents superior displacement of head of humerus?

Answer 36

Coracoacromial ligament

Question 37

What is the cartilaginous ring surrounding the glenoid fossa, thus deepening it?

Answer 37

Glenoid labrum

Question 38

What do the many bursa do around the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 38

Question 39

Describe a glenohumeral dislocation

Answer 39

Most commonly dislocated joint Usually downward and then either anterior or posterior Signs: pain, numbness, protruding acromnion process Treatment: closed reduction and immobilization

Question 40

What makes up the elbow joint?

Answer 40

Synovial joint between the condyles of the humerus with the head of the radius and trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 41

Where is the radial collateral ligament?

Answer 41

Question 42

Where is the ulnar collateral ligament?

Answer 42

Question 43

What kind of movement does the elbow allow?

Answer 43

Extension and flexion

Question 44

What kind of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 44

Synovial joint between the head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna

Question 45

What movement does the proximal radioulnar joint allow?

Answer 45

Supination

Question 46

What movement does the proximal radioulnar joint allow?

Answer 46

Supination

Question 47

What holds the head of the radius in place against the ulna?

Answer 47

The annular ligament

Question 48

Where is the middle radioulnar joint? What does it do?

Answer 48

Between radius and ulnar. Fibrous joint membrane stabilizing movement of radius and ulnar.

Question 49

Where is the distal radioulnar joint? What does it do?

Answer 49

Synovial joint between the head of the ulna and ulnar notch of radius by the wrist

Question 50

Describe subluxation of the head of the radius, also called nursemaid’s elbow

Answer 50

Occurs when the arm is jerked upward with the forearm pronated, tearing the annular ligament. As the immature head of the radius slips out of its socket, the ligament may become trapped between the radius and humerus. Treatment: supinating the forearm while elbow is flexed

Question 51

Describe supination and pronation

Answer 51

Question 52

What kind of joint is the wrist/radio-carpal joint?

Answer 52

Synovial joint between forearm and hand. Occurs between the radius and a triangular fibrocartilaginous articular disc covering the distal end of the ulna and several carpal bones.

Question 53

What strengthens the articular capsule?

Answer 53

Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments as well as palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments can

Question 54

What strengthens the articular capsule for the thumb?

Answer 54

Interphalangial ligaments

Question 55

Describe the colles fracture

Answer 55

Common in 50yo+ (osteoporosis) Complete fracture of distal radius with dorsal placement; ulnar styloid often avulsed (torn) Dinner fork deformity - posterior angulation in the distal forearm due to shortened radius