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British Experience of Warfare (synoptic) > Army reform > Flashcards

Army reform Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the McNeill-Tulloch Report in response to?

A

the major failures suffered by the BA in Crimea

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2
Q

when was the first section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report published?

A

June 1855

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3
Q

when was the second section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report published?

A

January 1856

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4
Q

what was in the first section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

the condition of soldiers fighting in Crimea:
- diet
- supply of food

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5
Q

what was in the second section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

the supply of equipment
the medical situation

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6
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the diet and health of British soldiers in Crimea?

A

most of the casualties were due to disease

poor health of soldiers can be linked to lack of fresh food

army was not providing troops with a full ration

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7
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the distribution of supply?

A

the army was slow distribute supplies sent from Britain
lime juice incident

lack of communication between supply officer and army command

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8
Q

what was the lime juice incident?

A

lime juice was unloaded at Balaklava in December 1854

was not distributed until February 1855

led to high cases of scurvy

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9
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the extent of medical care in Crimea?

A

it was almost non-existant

army was short of medicine and medical supplies

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10
Q

what was recommended by the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

major reform to the organisation of the army
improvement to supply procedures

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11
Q

what impact did the McNeill-Tulloch Report have on the organisation of the army?

A

1858 royal warrant which reformed the Commissariat which now became under the control of the BA

meant that the BA had full control over the supply of British troops

INTEGRATION and better COMMUNICATION

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12
Q

what impact did the McNeill-Tulloch report have on improving military medicine?

A

little impact
more done through the work of Nightingale and Russell

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13
Q

what was the MAIN impact that the McNeill-Tulloch Report had on the army?

A

led to greater government intervention in the BA

failings of the BA leadership in Crimea led to politicians taking more control over the running of the BA instead of the monarch and generals

CENTRALISED THE ROLE OF THE BA

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14
Q

why was there a lack of army reform post-Crimea?

A

Britain’s focus shifted away from Europe and instead on the growing British Empire

the army was seen as less important as it was only intended for fighting in small colonial wars

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15
Q

when did Cardwell become the secretary of state for war?

A

1868

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16
Q

what was the changing strategic situation in Europe?

A

the Prussian army was achieving major success across Europe against the Danes, Austrians and the French

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17
Q

when did Germany unify?

A

1871

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18
Q

what was significant about the Prussian army in comparison with the the BA?

A

it was a modern professional army
well organised
well equipped
well supplied

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19
Q

what was the system of deployment in the Prussian army?

A

regulars were backed by reservists

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20
Q

how many men did the Prussian army put out against the Austrians in 1866?

A

400,000

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21
Q

how large was Britain’s European army in 1866?

A

75,000

HARDLY ANY RESERVISTS

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22
Q

what were the main issues in the BA before the Cardwell reforms?

A

recruitment/army appeal
the promotion system

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23
Q

recruitment/army appeal

A

the BA was no longer an attractive option for young men as factory work paid better and provided better working conditions

army life was harsh with flogging and branding still in use by the BA

minimum term of 12 years meant many soldiers were separated from their family for long times

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24
Q

the promotion system

A

the purchase system:
men had to purchase the next rank if they wanted to get promoted

led to landed gentry and aristocracy dominating the upper ranks of the BA

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25
examples of purchase system working
Duke of Wellington Rowland Hull Thomas Picton were all important in the British victory over the French and were promoted via the purchase system
26
examples of purchase system not working
Lord Cardigan Lord Lucan were far less competent and were major reasons for difficulties in Crimea
27
how much did promotion to the rank of 'ensign' cost in 1837?
£450 cheapest rank for purchase
28
what were the aims of the Cardwell reforms?
improve the organisation of the BA alter the social structure make the BA more appealing to men
29
what was abolished under Cardwell?
flogging and branding purchase system
30
when was flogging and branding abolished?
1871
31
impact of the abolishment of flogging and branding
the use of flogging and branding in the BA made army life very harsh thus it's abolishment led to a more appealing army lifestyle which young men may be attracted to
32
when was the purchase system abolished?
1871
33
impact of the abolishment of the purchase system
army became more of a meritocracy promotion on merit
34
what were the dominions of Britain?
Canada Australia New Zealand
35
what did the Cardwell reforms do to the self-governing dominions of Britain?
they were given responsibilty for their own security and began raising their own armies
36
impact of the reform in self-governing dominions
it released more British soldiers whoc could return to Britain and merge with the European force
37
by 1871, how many British servicemen returned to Britain due to the reform to the dominions?
26,000
38
how much £ did the parliament agree to provide the army in 1870?
£2 million
39
how many more troops did parliament agree to pay for?
20,000
40
what were the issues with enlisting in the BA?
12 year minimum years of service was too long of a commitment to make
41
when was the Army Enlistment Act?
1870
42
what was the Army Enlistment Act?
soldiers were able to serve 6 years in the regulars and then 6 years in the reserves as part of their minimum term instead of the old 12 years minimum regular service
43
impact of the Army Enlistment Act
made the army more appealing as it made enlistment less of a long-term commitment
44
when was the Regulation of the Forces Act?
1871
45
what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?
men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely
46
what was the Regulation of the Forces Act? ALSO KNOWN AS THE: Localisation Act
ended general service each foot regiment was assigned a county and would have two regular battalions at any one time, one would be posted overseas while the other would be kept at home and serve as a reinforcement each regiment also had two reserve battalions
47
impact of the Regulation of the Forces Act?
meant that soldiers could serve half their time in their local area only half of their time was spent overseas improved moral of men and made army more appealing as less time was spent abroad
48
what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?
men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely
49
what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?
men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely
50
did the Cardwell reforms improve the pay of a soldier?
nope was still very low
51
what was the relative pay a private would recieve in the BA?
same as a farmer less than manual city worker thus BA seemed less appealing
52
what aspect of being in the BA was appealing?
the job security
53
did the abolishment of the purchase system work?
not really structure of meritocracy REMAINED however the upper class continued to dominate the officer ranks in the BA those with wealthy backgrounds and uni degrees benefitted
54
overall impact of Cardwell reforms
improved organisation of the troops in the BA and made it more similar to the Prussian competition made the BA more appealing with a reform to the terms and conditions however, a class divide still existed in the BA as well as a lack of recruits in the BA did nothing to deal with the pay issue
55
what were the issues regarding the BA which were highlighted by the Second Boer War?
the Boer's use of terrain, speed and long-distance shooting made British columns ineffective British supply network was poor equipment was sub-standard quality of British troops was poor
56
when were the Haldane reforms?
1906-1912
57
what did Haldane reform the army into?
into two forces: - the BEF - the Territorial Army
58
what was the BEF?
British Expeditionary Force rapid action force which was prepared to fight a continental war against Germany highly trained and sufficiently equipped soldiers
59
what were the limitations of the BEF?
limited to budget of £28 million limited to only 6 infantry divisions only 100,000 men which was much smaller than the millions of men available to the French and Germans
60
impact of the formation of the BEF
army gained a more specific purpose with surplus units merged and amalgamated into larger divisions outdated weapons were phased
61
when was the Territorial Army formed?
1907 with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act
62
what was the TA?
reserve volunteer army which would be serve on the home front had their own support services and operated independently from the BEF
63
limitations of the TA
poor pay was a less trained and less professional force made up of volunteers ---> not full time soldiers
64
impact of the TA
provided a reserve force for the BA the home front could now be defended while the BEF could handle overseas warfare
65
TA size in September 1913
236,000
66
what did Haldane combine the cadet groups in Britain into?
the OTC The Officer Training Corps
67
what was the OTC split into?
the upper division - universities the lower division - schools
68
OTC size by 1914
20,000 schoolboys 5,000 undergraduates
69
impact of the OTC
men from the OTC would be trained and prepared for life in the BA as an officer created a future force of loyal and well trained men who could act as strong leaders in future warfare
70
what were the issues around coordinating the BA in the Boer War?
local imperial forces pretty much ran themselves little coordination from government London most imperial forces ignored British generals and conducted the war themselves with their own aims and ambitions
71
what did Haldane introduce to deal with improving the coordination of the BA?
the Imperial General Staff
72
what were the imperial forces of the BA?
South African Army Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) British Indian Army
73
what was the role of the Imperial General Staff?
to oversee all strategic matters in the Empire by coordinating the imperial forces
74
impact of the Imperial General Staff
increased coordination and effectiveness of the imperial forces which would fight alongside the BEF these imperial forces were also highly trained and efficient fighters who were vital in providing support to BEF troops in WW1 1/5 of BA in WW1 were Indian

British Experience of Warfare (synoptic) (5 decks)

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