arousal Flashcards

1
Q

Define Arousal.

A

An energised state, a readiness to perform.

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2
Q

What is the Drive theory?

A

Initial motivation causes increased drive, more effort, more success &repetition of the same response.

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3
Q

What is the formula for the Drive theory?

A

P=f(DxH)
Performance= habit x drive

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4
Q

What is a dominant response?

A

With high arousal, we pick up less information (attentional narrowing) and focus on the dominant response (programmed response).

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5
Q

What happens to different-level performers when arousal is high- according to the Drive theory?

A

Elite- better their performance due to the chosen response being habitual.
Beginner- Dominant response may be incorrect and high levels of arousal can cause deterioration in performance.

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6
Q

Define the Inverted U Theory.

A

Theory that links arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal.

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7
Q

Why, instead of moderate levels of arousal, do low levels of arousal result in optimal performance?

A

Personality: Introverts perform best because they already have high adrenaline levels.
Experience: A novice performs best because needs to concentrate on lots of information. Uncomfortable under pressure, incorrect dominant response.
Type/ Nature of task: Fine and complex skills are performed best because they require control and decision-making.

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8
Q

Why, instead of moderate levels of arousal, do high levels of arousal result in optimal performance?

A

Personality: Extroverts can tolerate extra adrenaline.
Experience: Experts are used to the pressure and can operate on limited information. Dominant response is mainly correct.
Type/ Nature of task: Gross and simple skills are performed best because they need less control and decision-making.

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9
Q

What are the problems with the Inverted U Theory?

A

Critics question whether optimal arousal always occurs at the mid-point of the curve.
-One curve doesn’t explain the different optimal levels of arousal needed for simple and complex tasks.

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10
Q

Define Catastrophe Theory.

A

Theory suggests that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal.

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11
Q

Increased arousal improves performance to a point but…

A

…an intense combination of somatic (muscular tension, increased HR) and cognitive (loss of concentration, fear about performance) cause a dramatic deterioration in performance.

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12
Q

What is the impact of under arousal in sports?

A

poor selective attention
lack of concentration
poor reaction time
attentional wasting
attentional narrowing
failed to reach zone of optimal functioning
Social loafing (hide in group+all does nothing)
Ringleman effect (more people in group+everyone does less)

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13
Q

What is the impact of over arousal in sports?

A

poor selective attention
lack of concentration
poor reaction time
attentional wasting
attentional narrowing
failed to reach the zone of optimal functioning
Violence
Break rules

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14
Q

Define attentional wastage.

A

The performer’s concentration is misdirected to irrelevant cues. Can damage performance, especially in novices.

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15
Q

Define attentional narrowing

A

Occurs when a performer is aroused so they focus on certain cues and ignore others. Linked to the dominant response.

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16
Q

Define social loafing.

A

Individual loss of motivation in a team player.

17
Q

Define the Ringleman effect

A

When team performance decreases with group size.

18
Q

What is a zone of optimal functioning (Hanin)?

A

Area of controlled arousal and high-level performance. Athletes perform not at a point(inverted U) but in an area or ‘zone’- reached by advanced cognitive responses, imagery or visualisation.

19
Q

What does the zone of optimal functioning feel like

A

-Things flow effortlessly
-State of supreme confidence
-Remains calm under utmost pressure
-Feels total control over actions and totally focussed on activity
-Results in smooth effortless performance

20
Q

What is a peak flow performance?

A

The ultimate intrinsic experience felt from a positive mental attitude, with supreme confidence.
Occurs when timing, action and motion are perfect.
Characterised by feelings of subconscious control.
Promoted by positive values of high confidence