Arousal

Question 1

Acetylcholine

Answer 1

Basal forebrain, RAS in PONS, released when awake and in REM sleep

Question 2

Noradrenaline

Answer 2

Locus Coeruleus (RAS in PONS, vigilance, none in REM

Question 3

Serotonin

Answer 3

Raphe Nuclei (RAS in PONS and medulla), locomotion and corticol arousal

Question 4

Histamine

Answer 4

Tuberomammillary nucleus (hypothalamus), high when awake

Question 5

Hypocretin

Answer 5

Lateral hypothalamus, excited all other neurone, high when awake

Question 6

REM ON

Answer 6

Eye movement- tectum
EEG- basal forebrain
PGO waves- lateral geniculate
Muscle paralysis- magnocellular nucleus

Question 7

Melatonin

Answer 7

Released from pineal gland, acute inhibition on neural firing and phase shifting

Question 8

Light

Answer 8

Direct: retina > SCN
Indirect: retina > SCN (via lateral geniculate)
RHT axons release glutamate onto NMDA receptors on SCN > more gene transcription

Question 9

Adenosine

Answer 9

More adenosine = more delta activity in SWS