Arrested Intellectual Development

Question 1

What is learning disability?

Answer 1

arrested or incomplete development of the mind; esp. in impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period

Question 2

What are the criteria for diagnosing learning disability?

Answer 2

IQ<70; developmental aetiology <18 years and deficits in adaptive function

Question 3

What is the most commonly used psychometric assesment of IQ?

Answer 3

Wechsler Adult intelligence scale

Question 4

What is mild LD defined as in IQ?

Answer 4

50-69

Question 5

What is moderate LD defined as in IQ?

Answer 5

35-49

Question 6

What is severe LD defined as in IQ?

Answer 6

20-34

Question 7

What is profound LD defined as?

Answer 7

IQ <20

Question 8

What are the antenatal factors in developing LD?

Answer 8

maternal infections; poor diet and substance abuse

Question 9

What are the birth factors in developing LD?

Answer 9

extreme prematurity; birth injury and cerebral anoxia

Question 10

What are the postnatal factors in developing LD?

Answer 10

metabolic; hypoglycaemia; high bilirubin

Question 11

What are the genetics of Patau syndrome?

Answer 11

trisomy 13

Question 12

What are the genetics of Edwards syndrome?

Answer 12

trisomy 18

Question 13

What are the CVS defects seen with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 13

atrial or ventricular septal defects; mitral valve disease; patent ductus arteriosus

Question 14

What are the common endocrine abnormalities in Down’s syndrome?

Answer 14

hypothyroid (20%); diabetes; overweigt

Question 15

What is the striking feature of Prader-Willi sydrome?

Answer 15

hyperphagia with associated compulsive food seeking and marked obesity

Question 16

What are hte common GI abnormalities seen in Down’s syndrome?

Answer 16

oesophageal atresia; hirschprung disease; umbilical and inguinal hernia

Question 17

What are hte features of Angelman syndrome?

Answer 17

ataxia; epilepsy; paroxysms of laughter; absence of speech; severe/profounf LD; blonde hair/blue eyes

Question 18

What is the otehr name for DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 18

velo-cardio-facial syndrome

Question 19

What are the features of DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 19

Cardiac 
Abnormal facies
Thymus hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcaemia
22-chromosome

Question 20

What psychiatric condition are DiGeorge patients more likely to get?

Answer 20

schizophrenia

Question 21

What is cri-du-chat syndrome characterised by?

Answer 21

cat-like cry (abnormal larygneal development); microcephaly; LD

Question 22

What is the cause of fragile X syndrome?

Answer 22

faulty FMR1 gene; X-linked dominant transmission

Question 23

What are the features of fragile X?

Answer 23

6M
Mental retardation
Macro-jaw
Macrotia
Macro-orchidism
Mutation in FMR1 
Mitral valve abnomalites

Question 24

How is phenylketonuria diagnosed?

Answer 24

Guthrie test postnatally

Question 25

How are psychiatric disorders linked with LD?

Answer 25

3 times more common in PWLD

Question 26

Why are psych disorders more common in PWLD?

Answer 26

organic vulnerability-brain damage; social deprivation/disadvantage; life events; psychological

Question 27

Why are psych problems in LD underdiagnosed?

Answer 27

intellect- labelling emotions and experiences; diagnostic overshadowing; complicance and eager to please (talked out of symptoms)

Question 28

How are psychotic symptoms affected in LD?

Answer 28

symptoms reflect developmental level and may lack in detail with LD

Question 29

What are the causes of behavioural changes/challenging behaviour in LD?

Answer 29

physical- pain (ear,teeth) epilepsy; constipation environmental-abuse; deaths; changes mental-depression or psychosis

Question 30

What is a problem in prescribing in PWLD?

Answer 30

can have increased sensitivity to side effects and increased treatment resistence

Question 31

How does depression present differently in PWLD than the general population?

Answer 31

reduced verbal expression of unhappiness and guilt- more biological symptoms

Question 32

What are the triad of symptoms seen in ASD?

Answer 32

abnormal social interaction; communication impariment; rigid/restricted or repetitive behaviour, interests and activities