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physiology :( y2s1 > arryhthmia > Flashcards

arryhthmia Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

what is a brady arrhythmia?

A

abnormally slow rhythm of the heart, below 60 bpm and it includes AV block

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2
Q

whats tachy arrhymia ?

A

are abnormally fast rhythm of the heart above 100 bpm

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of tachyarrhythmia ?

A

1- Supraventricular originate from SA , AV node ,atrium myocardium
HAS REGULAR QRS COMPLEX

2- Ventricular originate from bundle of his or purkinje system or the myocardium WIDE QRS complex

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4
Q

describe sinus bradycardia?

A

heart rate less than 60 bpm

has normal P wave before every QRS complex

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5
Q

what could cause sinus bradycardia?

A

-Athletes

  • Sinus node dysfunction

3- drugs BB, CCB

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6
Q

describe AV block

A

arrhythmia with delayed or blocked conduction

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7
Q

what are the 3 degrees of AV block

A

1st degree –> NO block –> only delay and its constant delya

2nd degree :

Mobitz 1 –> theres delay and the delay increased until it blocks and rest

Mobitz 2 —> random block without a warning , js randomly the signal will not go through

3rd degree –> complete block and theres no connection between atrium and ventricle

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8
Q

describe sinus tachycardia

A

normal rhythm but its fast . normal p wave, but NARROW QRS COMPLEX

max rate is 180 bpm

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9
Q

what could cause Sinus tachycardia

A

1- increased sympathetic activities

2- withdrawal of parasympathetic

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10
Q

describe the atrial flutter?

A

regular and organized but extremely fast and it gives SAWTOOTH APPEARANCE ON ECG,

Multiple P waves with narrow QRS complexes

Atrium rate is 250-400

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11
Q

whats happening in atrial flutter?

A

ONE SINGLE –> reentrant circuit

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12
Q

describe atrial fibrillation?

A

chaos in the atriuam with multiple reentry circuits
400-600 bpm in atrium

NO DESTINCT P WAVES

has irregularly regular rhythm

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13
Q

whats the reason behind atrial fribrillation?

A

not understood.

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14
Q

Describe paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia PSVT

A

Sudden and abrupt tachycardia

Narrow QRS complex with regular rhythm that lead to dysnpea , dizziness , chest pain, syncope

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15
Q

what could cause PSVT

A

defect in AV conduction

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of PSVT

A

1- Unifocal/multifocal atrial tachycardia due to ECTOPIC FOCUS STIMULATING AV not SA NODE, its similar to sinus tachycardia but not SA node and similar to flutter but its not SA node

2- AV reentrant tachycardia AVRT –> one signal spins around the AV node leading to multiple stimulations

In PSVT THE P IS NOT VISIVBLE

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17
Q

describe premature ventricular beats?

A

premature contractions caused by ectopic focus in the ventricle

on ecg you see WIDE QRS COMPLEX THAT ARE NOT AFTER A P WAVE

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18
Q

causes of premature ventricular tachycardia?

A

1- hypoxia
2-Hyperthyrodism
3- electrolytes abnormalities

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19
Q

describe ventricular tachycardia

A

life threating arrhytmia originating from the ventricle due to multiple ectopic focus which lead to :
1- palpitation
2- syncope
3- cardiogenic shock
4-sudden cardiac death

on ecg you see RAPID WIDE QRS COMPLEX

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20
Q

what are the causes of ventricular tachycardia ?

A

coronary artery block
MI
structural heart damage

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21
Q

describe ventricular fibrillation

A

life threating arrhythmia caused by disorganized high frequency

more than 300 BPM of the ventricles

DIMINISH CO –> hemodynamic collapse

on ECG you will see rapid fast QRS and NO P WAVES THEY ARE INVISIBLE BECAUSE THEY ARE HIDDEN BY THE VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION

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22
Q

so what are the QRS CHARACTESTICS IN SVT AND VENTICULAR?

A

1- in SVT the QRS IS NARROW

2- in Ventricular the QRS IS WIDE

Normal width is less than 0.12 seconds like less than one large square or 3 small squares

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23
Q

what could be narrow QRS WITH REGULAR RHYTHM

Regular rhythm mean constant rr intervals

Study These Flashcards
A

1- Sinus tachycardia

2- focal atrial tachycarida ( uni )

3- SVT ( AVRT. AVRNT

4- atrial flutter

24
Q

narrow QRS with irreguglar rhythm and rr intervals are not constant

Study These Flashcards
A

1- Atrial fibrillation

2- multi focal atrium tachy

25
wide QRS and regular rhythm
1- ventricular tachycardia
26
wide QRS with irregular rhythm
1- ventricular fibrillation 2- torsade de point
27
what could cause arrhythmia?
1- Altered impulse formation 2- Altered impulse conduction
28
how altered impulse formation is formed?
1- Enhanced automacity --> tachy 2- triggered activity ( increased firing ) --> tachy 3 - reduced automacity ---> brady
29
whats are the 3 types of enhanced automacity
1- increased SA node automacity -- 2- increased automacity of other pacemakers 3- abnormal automacity
30
what are the 2 types of altered impulse formation?
1- Conduction block --> brady 2- unidirectional block and reentry --> tachy
31
what could cause enhanced SA node automaticity
sympathetic via b1 ( recall how it work )
32
what could decrease Sa node automaticity
parasym via m2 ( recall what it does it do )
33
what is triggered activity and why its caused?
abnormal automaticity in injured cardiac tissue due to LEAKY MEMBRANE
34
whats the abnormal depolarization and whats are its two types
action potential will trigger an abnormal depolarization and its named according where it is 1- Early afterdepolarization --> in the plateau phase ( phase 2 ) 2- delayed after depolarization --> in phase 4
35
what could cause early depolarization
1- Inherited long QT syndrome 2- Certain drugs
36
what could early depol lead to?
TORSADE DE POINTES
37
what could cause a delayed afterdepo?
HIGH INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM LIKE DIGOXIN TOXICITY - Catecholamine stimulation
38
what could delayed afterdo lead to?
ventricular tachy
39
what are the 2 types of impulse conduction?
1- Heart block --> conduction block 2- Reentry mechanism
40
whats a reentry mechanism
self perpetuating circuit of excitation ( continuous circulation )
41
what is a unidirectional block and reentry?
electric pulse circulates repeatedly around a path causing multiple depolarizations - tachy Also called LOCAL REENTRY
42
what are the 3 criteria for reentry to happen?
1- presence of unidirectional block with conduction pathway 2- critical timing 3- length of effective refractoy period of normal tissue ( remember in ERP it can depo but it wont conduct )
43
what could a local reentry circuit in atria lead to?
atrial tachycardia
44
what could a local reentry circuit in ventricle lead to?
ventricular tachycardia
45
local reentry circuit with AV node
AVNRT --> PSVT , signal circulates around AV node stimulating it multiple times
46
describe what happens in WPW?
theres an accessory pathway that the signal from sa node can go through and skip the AV node pathway --> abnormal you will se it as delta wave in ecg
47
whats the name of the accessory pathway?
bundle of kent
48
WPW is an example of what?
Global reentry
49
whats long QT syndome?
congenital or acquired heart condition where theres prolonged QT interval
50
what are the 2 types?
1- congenital 2- acquired
51
in congenital whats the chromosome affecteD?
11p
52
what gene is mutated
KCNQ1 gene
53
what happens in congenital ?
defect in the voltage potassium gates, leading to slow repolarization and prolonged AP - torasde de points
54
how is acquired LQTS acquired?
any drugs that increase AP duration will increase QT -> torsade de point 1- na channel blocks 2- K channel blocks 3- cc
55
what could trigger torsade de pointe?
early afterdepolar - prolonged QT - prolonged AP duration - electrolyte abnormality
56
whats the ecg finding of torsade de pointe?
twisted QRS complexes that appear on isoelectric line

physiology :( y2s1 (15 decks)

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