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Endocrine system overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is an hormone?

A

regulatory chemical secreted into blood by ductless endocrine glands ( DUCTLESS = GLAND DIRECTLY SECRETES INTO THE BLOOD )

Produce effect in the target organs having ( HORMONES ARE HIGHY SPECIFIC THEY ONLY WORK ON SPECIFIC TISSUE WITH THE RECEPTOR FOR IT ) so it doesnt js run around in the blood affecting everything

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2
Q

what are the essential needs for hormones ?

A

Hormones are maintaining homeostasis :

1- metabolism ( thyroid + corticosteroid )

2- Growth and development ( Growth hormone )

3- Water and electrolyte balance ( ADH and aldosterone )

4- Reproduction and behaviour ( gonads horomones )

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3
Q

describe the hormone - receptor interaction?

A

hormones produced in the endocrine gland Is gonna get released directly into the blood

2- The hormones binds to a specific receptor on a target cell –> producing an effect

3- Receptor could be inside the cell in the cytoplasm and nucleus OR on the cell membrane

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4
Q

what is endocrine communication?

A

hormone gland cell will release the hormone ——> and then it will travel in the blood — > Hormone will bind to the receptor on target cell

THE HORMONE WILL AFFECT ANOTHER Organ not the same organ

example : growth hormone, thyroid hormone, etcs

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5
Q

what is an neuroendocrine communication?

A

neuros will release the hormone —> IT WILL GET RELEASED IN THE BLOOD —> travel to the target tissue and bind to the receptor –> effect

IT will travel to different organ, BUT IT IS RELEASED FROM NEURONS

example : epinephrine, norephrine , ADH ( vassopressin ) , Oxytoxin

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6
Q

describe paracrine communication?

A

Hormone gland cell will release hormone –> IT WILL TRAVEL VIA INTERSTITIAL FLUID –> reach target cell –> Effect

HERE THE EFFECT IS GONNA BE IN THE SAME ORGAN BECAUSE IT IS NOT RELEASED IN THE BLOOD

for example : estrogen , serotonin

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7
Q

describe autocrine communication

A

hormone gland cell will release hormone —> IN INTERSITTIAL FLUID -> IT WILL WORK ON THE CELL THAT RELEASED IT

the same cell will have receptors for the hormone it releases

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8
Q

what are major endocrine glands in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

pituitary gland ——-> master gland

pineal gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

adrenal gland

GI tract

Gonads

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9
Q

what hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

Thyroptin releasing hormone

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone ( SOMATOSTATIN )

prolactin releasing hormone

Prolactin inhibiting hormone -> dopamine

Oxytocin

adh ( vasopressin )

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10
Q

what is the function hypothalamus gland?

A

control and release of anterior pituitary hormones

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11
Q

what hormones are released by post - pituitary gland?

A

it doesnt synthesize hormones they are js stored in it

Oxytocin

ADH

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12
Q

what is the function of post - pituitary ?

A

ADH/Vasopressin : increases water and sodium reabsorption / VASOCONSTRICTION

Oxytocin : Increase contractility during labor , Causes milk ejection

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13
Q

what are the hormones released by anterior - pituitary?

A

Thyroid releasing hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Growth hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

Prolactin

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14
Q

what is the function of anterior pituitary glands ?

A

TSH : Stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

ACTH : Stimulates cortisol secretion

GH : body growth

FSH : follicular growth and sperm production

LH : Ovulation and testesterone secretion

Prolactin : Breast development and milk production

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15
Q

what hormones does pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

what is the function of melatonin?

A

Body biological rhythm

reduction of melatonin leads to puberty initiation

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17
Q

what hormones are released by thyroid gland?

A

T3-T4

calcitonin

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18
Q

what is the function of thyroid gland?

A

T3-T4 : increase metabolic rate , normal growth and nerve development

Calcitonin : Decrease Calcium level in blood

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19
Q

what are the hormones released by adrenal cortex?

A

aldosterone

cortisol

androgens

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20
Q

what is the function of adrenal cortex?

A

aldosterone : Increases water and sodium retention and potassium secretion

Cortisol : increases blood glucose

Androgens : axillary and pubic hair growth

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21
Q

what are the hormones released by pancreas?

A

insulin

glucagon

somatostatin

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22
Q

what is the function of pancreas?

A

insulin : promotes cellular uptake , use , storage of absorbed nutrients

Glucagon : maintain nutrients level

somatostatin : inhibit digestion and absorption of nutrients

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23
Q

what is the hormone released by parathyroid gland?

A

parathyroid gland

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24
Q

what is the function of Para thyroid gland?

A

paratyhroid hormone : Increase blood level of calcium

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25
what are the hormones released by ovaries?
estrogen progesterone
26
what is the function of ovaries?
Estrogen : follicular development , secondary sex characters , uterine and breast growth, closure of epiphyseal plate progesterone : prepare for pregnancy
27
what is the hormone released by testes?
testosterone
28
what is the function testes?
testosterone : Sperm production, male sex organs , closure of epiphyseal plate
29
what are the hormones released by the placenta?
Estrogen progesterone human chorionic gonadotropin
30
what is the function of placenta?
estrogen and progesterone : pregnancy , preparation of breasts hCG : maintain corpus luteum of pregnancy
31
what are the hormones released by kidney?
renin erythropoietin
32
what is the function of kidney hormones?
Renin : stimulate aldosterone , ang 2 , potent stimulant of thirst Erythropoietin : RBC production
33
what are the hormones released by the stomach?
Ghrelin Gastrin
34
whats the function of stomach hormones?
Ghrelin : stimulate appetite gastrin : control mobility and secretion
35
what are the hormones released by small intestines?
Cholecystokinin Gastric inhibitory polypeptide Peptide YY3-36
36
what is the function of small intestine hormones?
CCK : Control mobility and secretions ( like gastrin ) GIP : Stimulates insulin Peptide yy3-36 : Suppresses appetite ( opposite to ghrelin )
37
what are the hormones released by liver?
IGF-1 HEPCIDIN Thrombopoietin
38
what is the function of liver hormones?
IGF-1 : Promotes growth Hepcidin : inhibit iron absorption into blood thrombopoietin : increases platelet production
39
what is the hormone released by skin?
vitamind D
40
what is the function of skin?
vitamin D: increases absorption of ingested calcium and PO4
41
what hormone released by thymus?
thymosin
42
what is the function of thymosin?
enhances of T lymphocyte proliferation and function
43
what is the hormone released by heart?
ANP
44
what is the function of ANP?
inhibit NA reabsorption --> water and sodium are excreted
45
what hormone is released by adipose tissue?
leptin
46
what is the function leptin?
suppresses appetite --> like peptide yy3-36
47
what is the difference between peptides and proteins ?
peptides : less than 100 peptides --> TRH Protein : more than 100 peptides ---> Growth hormone
48
what are examples of peptidal/ protein hormones?
TRH, Gnrh, CRH , GHRH, Somatostatin ( GHIH ) ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH , Prolactin , Growth hormone Oxytocin, ADH Calcitonin Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin somatomedin C ( IGF-1 ) pth hcg, HCS, hpl Renin Anp Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, GIP , somatostatin Leptin
49
how are the peptide / protein hormones synthesized?
they are synthesized as prohormones or prehormones --> INACTIVE and require activation ACTIVATED by cleavage steps produced in rough ER modified and stored in golgi apparatus
50
where are they stored and how are they are released?
they are water SOLUBLES so they can be stored and they are stored in the membrane bound to granules and released by EXOCYTOSIS
51
how do they circulate in the blood?
Since they are water soluble AND POLAR--> CAN TRAVEL UNBOUND IN THE BLOOD
52
how are they administered in case of diseases?
INJECTION ONLY because IF GIVEN ORALLY THEY WILL BE DIGESTED BY GI our body can easily digest proteins and peptides Also since they are in blood alone EASILLY DISSOLVED AND BROKEN DOWN
53
where are their receptors found?
they cant pass the membrane because water soluble --> the receptor is on the cell membrane
54
what are steroid hormones?
cortisol aldosterone androgens Testosterone estrogen progesterone VITAMIN D
55
how are steroid hormones produced ?
from cholesterol either from blood from cholesterol stored in the cell cell synthesize cholesterol
56
how is it stored?
steroids hormones are FAT SOLUBLE --> cannot be stored it is synthesized and secreted imme EXCEPT THYROID HORMONE IS STORED
57
how do they travel from tissue to to tissue?
THEY ARE fat soluble cannot travel alone in blood, HAS TO BE BOUND TO A PROTEIN When theres low level of the hormone it gets unbound from the protein to increase the level
58
where are their receptors found ?
since they are lipid soluble they can cross the membrane --> THE RECEPTOR IS INSIDE the cell
59
how do we administer steroid hormones?
they can be given orally or IV cannot be destroyed by GIT because they are cholesterol --> easily aborbed
60
describe the half life of steroid hormones?
they have long half life because they are bound to proteins so they are not degraded easily also they cannot produce effect unless released from the carrier
61
what are the amine hormones? why are they are called amine hormones?
T3 , T4 catecholamines ( NE, EPI) they are both derived from tyrosine but have different properties
62
which one of the amine hormones is lipid soluble and which is water soluble?
T3, T4 ---> lipid soluble -> has lipid soluble properties Catecholamines --> Water soluble --> has water soluble properties
63
how are the thyroid hormones stored? and transported?
stored as Thyroglobulin transported via thyroxine binding globulin ( NEEDTO BE BOUND BECAUSE LIPID SOLUBLE )
64
how are catechoalimes stored and transported?
stored in vesicles and excreted in exocytosis Transport free in blood because water soluble
65
how do steroids and thyroid hormone circulate in the blood?
since they are fat soluble they cant transport free must be bound to protein less than 10% exist free - cannot easily diffuse out of capillaries --> IN ACTIVE UNLESS DISSOCIATE FROM PLASMA PROTEINS
66
what is the function of bound hormones?
1- Serve as reservoirs --> WHEN LEVEL DROP THESE GET UNBOUND TO INCREASE THE LVL BACK UP 2- slow clearance --> stay for longer half life because it wont be dissolved unless its unbound
67
how is metabolic clearance rate determined ?
2 factors increase or decrease the concentration of hormone in the blood 1- Rate of hormone SECRETION into blood 2- rate of REMOVAL of hormone from blood
68
what is the equation of metabolic clearance rate?
Rate of disapperance of hormone from the plasma / concentration of hormone usually expressed in terms of the number of mililiters of plasma cleared of the hormone per minute
69
what are the ways of clearing hormoneS?
metabolic destruction by tissue binding with tissues excreted by liver in bile excreted by kidneys in urine
70
what is infundibulum?
hypothalamus is connected to the pituitry gland via infundibulum infundibulum = infundibulum stem ( nervous tissue ) covered by glandular tissue ( pars tuberalis)
71
which pituitary gland is continuation of hypothalamus ?
posterior pituitary it is neurohypophysis --> DIFFERENT EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN : neural tissue --> Extension of hypothalamus
72
describe anterior pituitary ?
adenohypophysis ( glandular ) originate from pharyngeal epithelium ---> Rathkes pouch
73
describe the neurohypophysis ? ( posterior pituitary )
doesnt synthesize hromones Stores 2 hormones which are produced in hypothalamus
74
which nucleus in the hypothalamus produce Oxytocin ?
paraventricular nucleus
75
which nucleus in the hypothalamus produces ADH?
supraoptic nuclei
76
how does the anterior pituitary communicates with the hypothalamus?
through blood system --> hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system the hypothalamus will produce the hormones which will reach the connection and then from there it will be released in the blood
77
what is median eminence?
connection between the base of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
78
under normal condition the how will the hypothalamus inhibitory and releasing hormones control the level of anterior pit hormones?
the hypothalamus will stimulate all of the hormones will be RELEASED EXCEPT prolactin which has stronger INHIBITORY SIGNAL compared to the others
79
what is the other name of Prolactin inhibitory hormone?
Dopamine thyroid hormone also stimulates the prolactin release with PRH
80
which cells produce testesterone
leydig cells under the effect of FSH ( LH = secretion ) FSH - production ( follicular growth and sperm production ) LH ( secretion : ovulation , teste secretion )
81
what is the other name of growth hormone?
somatotropin
82
which cells of the anterior pit , release TSH?
Thyrotropes
83
which cells from the anterior pit releases ACTH?
Corticotropes
84
which cells from the anterior pit releases Growth hormones?
Somatotropes
85
which cells of anterior pit releases FSH and LH ?
Gonadotropes
86
which cells of anterior pit releases prolactin?
lactotropes
87
what are the 2 regulations methods of hormones?
1- neural mechanism --> neural signals ( Stress for example ) —->catacheloamines , cortisol 2- feedback ( negative / positive ) --> most common 3- humoral --> via blood
88
describe negative feed back?
the action of the hormone of the result/effect of it will inhibit the release of the hormone : SELF LIMITED long loop feedback -> example : Hormones from adrenal cortex will go all the way back to inhibit the pituitary or hypothalamus short loop feedback :- example : pituitary will inhbit the hypothalamus ultrashort loop feedback :- Hypothalamus inhibit itself
89
describe positive feedback?
the action or the results/effect of the hormone will result in the hormone secretion MORE self augmenting effect --> not very common Oxytocin is an example in labor --> the contractions will cause more oxytocin release
90
what are the 2 types of pattern of secreiton?
Continuous Example : T3, T4 --> levels in the blood show little variation Intermittent secretion : level different according to the time of measurement Example : GLUCOCORTICOID GONADOTROPHIN LH, FSH GNRH is pulsatile release --> lh and fsh is also pulsatile --> continuous administration of GNRH doesnt increase production of FSH AND LH because pulsatile

physiology :( y2s1 (15 decks)

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