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ARS 1-3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

platelets

A

2-3 nm, 150,000-450,000, lifespan ~10 days, have microtubules but also contain actin and myosin. adhere and aggregate in endothelial injury, form fibrin clot and vasoconstrict, clot retraction via a/m

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2
Q

nissl

A

course clumps of rER in soma/perikaryon/cell body

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3
Q

axon

A

neurofilaments (intermediate), actin and MT

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4
Q

PNS

A

schwann cells myelinate; peripheral nerves have CT coverings (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium). Nerve endings can be free, meissner’s (fine, discriminating touch, stripey appearance) or pacinian (circumferential arrrangement of CT, detect deep pressure and vibration)

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5
Q

macroglia

A

arise from neural epithelium: astrocytes (BBB), oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells (B-CSFB w/ fenestrated capillaries)

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6
Q

microglia

A

arise from macrophage

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7
Q

hematocrit

A

35-49%

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8
Q

hemoglobin

A

13.5-17.5 gm/100ml

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9
Q

Na+

A

135-145

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10
Q

K+

A

3.5-5.1

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11
Q

HCO3-

A

22-29

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12
Q

Cl-

A

98-106

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13
Q

Ca++

A

8.4-10.2

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14
Q

erythrocytes

A

7-8 nm, 4.3-5.7x10^6 M
3.9-5x10^6 F
structural membrane proteins bind to actin and spectrin

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15
Q

leukocytes

A

4-10x10^3

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16
Q

neutrophils

A

12-15 nm, 50-70%
stab/band cell=horseshoe nucleus
drumstick=inactivated x
diapesesis

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17
Q

eosinophils

A

12-15 nm, 2-5%

bilobed, red specific granules, major basic protein, cats eye appearance, helminthic worm and allergic reactions

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18
Q

basophils

A

12-14 nm, 0-1%

heparin and histamine, nucleus often obscured, similar to mast

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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

6-18 nm, 20-30%

round nucleus takes up most of cell

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20
Q

monocytes

A

12-20 nm, 3-8%

pacman nucleus, becomes macrophage when leaves circulation

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21
Q

actin

A

g polymerizes to F, 7nm thickness. Anchor membranes, form terminal web and microvilli cores, lamelli/filipodia. polarized, grow at + end.

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22
Q

microtubules

A

13 chains of dimers of a and b tubulin, 25 nm diameter, grow fro mtoc, require GTP in order to grow, polarized. Vesicular transport, cell elongation/shape movement of cilia and chromosomes. Cilia/flagella: 9 doublets+2; centrioles: 9 triplets,

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23
Q

intermediate filaments

A

~10nm, most stable, primarily structural, no polarity. 8 staggered tetramers. Vimentin in mesenchyme/CT, desmin in muscle, lamin in all nucleated cells, GFAB in glia, neurofilaments in neurons.

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24
Q

pinocytosis

A

constitutive vs. receptor mediated; ldl binds receptor, cytoplasmic side recruits AP-2, clathrin-coated pit formed, dynamin pinches off, vesicle to endosome/lysozome. Early endosome–>recycling of receptors and membrane.

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25
phagocytosis
autophagy: break down of old parts of cell, surrounded by ER, membrane fuses w/ lysozome and acid hydrolases released
26
nuclear envelope
nuclear envelope: 2 membranes with nuclear pore complexes (transport channels); small free diffusion, large=active transport via importin transport receptor and release via Ran-GTP. Breakdown during mitosis is early, phosphorylation of lamins-> signal to disassemble.
27
nuceolus
site of ribosome subunit production
28
microvilli
actin core anchored to villin and terminal web; small processes increase surface area and increase absorption. No independent motility. stereocilia: elongated, non-motile microvilli.
29
cilia
often move, hairlike projections covered by plasma membrane, 9+2 microtubules. Primary: sensory, non-motile, 9+0 flagellum: 9+2 w/ mitochondria
30
tight junction
zona occludens, sealed together, no cytoskeleton links, easiest to break, occludin and claudin proteins, ring around apical portion of lateral border; not completely watertight but limit passage of large molecules.
31
adherent junction
zona adherens, anchors to actin filaments in terminal web, surrounds entire cell, cadherins link to actin, contribute to tensile strength.
32
desmosomes
macula adherens: attached to intermediate filaments, stronger than actin, anchored by cadherins, "spot weld"
33
gap junctions
small ions/molecules can pass between adjacent cells via transmembrane channels formed by connexons comprised of 6 connexin proteins
34
hemidesmosomes
basal surface complex: integrins connect intermediate filaments from epithelium to basal lamina, 1 attachment plaque
35
focal adhesions
integrin connects actin to basal lamina
36
collagen
made from fibroblast secretion into "cove"-->procollagen, self-assembles in extracellular space, bonding requires vitamin C.
37
type I collagen
most abundant, widely distributed: dermis, tendon, ligaments, bone, fibrocartilage
38
type II collagen
predominantly in hyaline cartilage, intervertebral discs
39
type III collagen
reticular fibers, smooth muscle, reticular CT
40
type IV collagen
basement membrane, network-forming
41
loose/areolar CT vs. dense
loose always irregular, dense can be either
42
Constituents of CT
elastic fibers: stretch and distension, thinner than collagen, sheathed in fibrillin (deficiency in marfan syndrome) structural glycoproteins: adhere CT, cells, epithelia, hold BM with collagen. ground substance: hydrated gel in which other thins are embedded, diffusion of nutrients
43
adipose CT
white: unilocular brown: multilocular: abundant cytoplasm, many capillaries in tissue
44
hyaline cartilage
most common, fibers in extracellular matrix primarily type II. Articular surfaces of moveable joints (no perichondrium, cant self repair), ends of ribs, respiratory passages, temporary skeleton, calcification to form bone, epiphyseal plates of long bones.
45
elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline, elastic fibers in matrix, doesnt calcify, areas that need flexible support: auricle of ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis
46
fibrocartilage
between hyaline and dense CT; type I colalgen fibers. Intervertebral discs, no perichondrium
47
sarcomere
I band: only thin filaments z line: middle of I to middle of I A band: whole length of thick filaments H zone: only thick filaments, m line in middle
48
capillaries
9-12 nm diameter, predominant intima, can constrict
49
continuous capillaries
uninterrupted endothelium, most common
50
fenestrated capillaries
small pores in wall, often w/ diaphragm, typical of kidney, small intestine and endocrine glands
51
discontinuous capillaries/sinusoids
larger pores with no diaphragms and gaps between endothelial cells, discont/absent BM
52
elastic arteries
largest, dominant media w/ lots of elastic fibers for expansion/ contraction during s/d. type I collagen in adventitia
53
muscular arteries
well defined thick media, 4-40 smooth muscle layers with prominent IEL/EEL, down to .5 mm
54
medium artery
within muscles, elastic laminae less apparent, type I collagen in/near adventitia prominent, fewer smooth muscle layers
55
arterioles
1-3 or 4 smooth muscle layers, regulate blood flow, close down because of small diameter, drain into av shunts
56
metarterioles
can also feed capillary beds and AV shunts, 1 often discontinuous layer of smooth muscle, precapillary sphincters of smooht muscle=main regulators of capillary blood flow
57
post-cap venules
similar to capillary but larger, can have pericytes, site of blood-tissue gas/nutrient x, WBCs diapedeses
58
veins
thinner than arteries, less smooth muscle, no definable elastic laminae except in largest, adventitia is dominant leyer
59
large veins
adventitia is dominant, contain vasa vasorum, IEL is discernable, abundant elastic and some smooth muscle, bicuspid valves, longitudinal smooth muscle in adventitia to store blood volume (barrel)
60
lymphatics
similar to capillaries, incomplete BM, few blood cells, valves present

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