Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physiology > Arteries And Veins > Flashcards

Arteries And Veins Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of arteries and veins

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lumen of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Central blood containing space (hole of the vessel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tunica intima is made of

A

Endothelium lines the lumen of all vessels. In vessels larger than 1mm a subendothelial connective tissue basement membrane is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tunica media is made if

A

Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin.

Sympathetic gasometer nerve fibres control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tunica externa (Tunica Adventitia) is made of

A

Collagen fibres protecting and reinforcing the vessel.

Larger vessels contain vasa Vado rum to nourish external layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics.
Large lumen offers low resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which arteries are the elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and it’s major branches, pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do elastic arteries act as?

A

Act as pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is distal to the elastic arteries?

A

The muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles?

A

Deliver blood to body organs, have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle. Active in vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are the muscular (distributing) arteries or elastic (conducting) arteries active in vasoconstriction?

A

Muscular (distributing) arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are arterioles?

A

The smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Capillaries are

A

Microscopic blood vessels with walls of this tunica intima and are one cell thick.

Pericytes help stabilise their walls and control permeability
Size only allows one RBC to pass at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Capillary function:

A

Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do tendons and ligaments heal slowly?

A

Poorly vascularised, not many capillaries present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Capillaries are present in all tissues except

A

Cartilage
Epithelia
Cornea
Lens of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are venules and how are they formed?

A

Formed when capillary beds unite.
Very porous which allows fluids and white blood cells j to tissues
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do postcapillary venules consist of?

A

Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Veins are formed

A

When venules converge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Veins have

A

Thinner walls, larger linens compared with corresponding arteries.
Have lower BP
Thin tunica media and a thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibres and elastic networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) because

A

Veins contain up to 65% of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do veins return blood to heart from body?

A

Large diameter lumens offer little resistance

Valves prevent backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Valves in veins are most abundant where?

A

In veins of the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Venous sinuses are what?

A

Flattened veins with extremely thin walls (eg coronary sinus of the heat and rural sinuses of the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vascular anastomoses are

A

The interconnections of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vascular anastomoses provide

A

Alternate pathways (collateral channels) to a given body region, common at joins, in abdominal organs, brain and hearr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an example of an arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

Vascular shunts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cardiac muscles look like what?

A

Striated cells that are short, fat, branched and interconnected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In which muscle cell are the T-tubules wide but less numerous? SR is also very simple

A

Cardiac muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Numerous mitochondria per cell can be found in which muscle cell?

A

Cardiac muscle

32
Q

What are intercalated discs and where are they?

A

Found in muscle cells, they are the junctions between cells that anchor cardiac cells

33
Q

Desmosomes prevent

A

Prevent cells from separating during contraction

34
Q

Gap junctions in cardiac muscle allow

A

Allow ions to pass, electrically couple adjacent cells

35
Q

True or false: the heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium

A

True

36
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid connective tissue

37
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Plasma

Formed elements such as: erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets

38
Q

Hematocrit is what?

A

The percent of blood volume that is RBCs (42% in females, 47% in males)

39
Q

When blood is dark red this indicates what?

A

Blood is oxygen poor. Should look scarlet when oxygen rich

40
Q

True or false: Blood is not more viscous than water

A

False because:

Higher the hematocrit the more viscous and greater resistance to flow

41
Q

Is blood alkaline or acidic?

A

Slightly alkaline: pH 7.35-7.45

42
Q

How many litres of blood?

A

5-6 L for males and 4-5 L for females

43
Q

Functions of blood in distribution and transportation

A

Carries O2 to body cells, carried metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination.
Carries hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

44
Q

Function of blood in regulation

A

Regulates body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat. Maintains normal pH using buffers

45
Q

Function of blood in protection against blood loss and infection

A

Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation to prevent loss of blood
Blood Carrie’s antibodies and WBCs which defend against foreign invaders

46
Q

Blood plasma is 90%

A

Water

47
Q

Proteins found in blood from

Liver

A

60% albumin
36% globulins
4% fibrinogens

48
Q

Albumins are carriers of

A

Molecules, hormones, and are the main contributor of colloid osmotic pressure

49
Q

Globulins transport what

A

Proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat soluble vitamins

50
Q

Fibrinogen helps form

A

Fibrin bridges between platelets to help clot blood

51
Q

Blood plasma also carries

A 
Nitrogenous by products of metabolism such as lactic acid, urea, creatinine.
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Respiratory gases
Hormones
52
Q

True or false: WBCs aren’t complete cells

A

False. Only RBCs are incomplete as they have no nuclei or organelles. Platelets are cell fragments

53
Q

How are blood cells made?

A

Via stem cells in red bone marrow which divide continuously to produce more blood cells

54
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) look like

A

Biconcave discs, no nucleus and essentially no organelles.

55
Q

Erythrocytes are filled with

A

Haemoglobin for gas transport.

56
Q

What is a major contributor to blood viscosity?

A

Erythrocytes RBCs

57
Q

Red blood cells generate ATP via

A

Anaerobic mechanisms

58
Q

True or false: RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport

A

True and the haemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen.

59
Q

Haemoglobin structure

A

Protein globin

Heme pigmen

60
Q

Can an iron atom present in each heme of a Hb bind to more than one O2 molecule?

A

No. Can only bind to the one

61
Q

How many O2 molecules can a Hb transport?

A

4

62
Q

O2 loading in the lungs produces

A

Oxyhemoglobin

63
Q

O2 unloading in the tissues produces

A

Deoxyhemoglobin or reduced Haemoglobin

64
Q

CO2 loading in the tissues produces

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

65
Q

Haematopoiesis is the process of

A

Blood cell formation

66
Q

Harmatopoiesis occurs in

A

Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

67
Q

Hemocytoblasts are what

A

Haematopoietic stem cells and give rise to all formed elements.

68
Q

Erythropoiesis is the production of

A

Red blood cells

69
Q

Tissue hypoxia occurs because

A

Too few RBCs

70
Q

An increase in blood viscosity occurs when

A

Too many RBCs present

71
Q

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

A

Hormonal controls

Adequate supplies of iron

72
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) hormone is the

A

Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis. This hormone is Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

73
Q

Hypoxia is caused by

A

Hemorrhage (bleeding)
Insufficient Haemoglobin (iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2

74
Q

Effects of EPO (erythropoietin

A

More rapid maturation of commuted bone marrow cells and increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1-2 days.

75
Q

Testosterone enhances which RBCs hormone regulator

A

EPO- erythropoietin

76
Q

What happens to erythrocytes after 100-120 days?

A

The RBCs become old and fragile and Hb begins to degenerate inside them. Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in spleen

77
Q

How are macrophages produced?

A

Circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream to enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions