Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physiology > Physiology Of Muscles > Flashcards

Physiology Of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissues types

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth Muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Allows us to voluntarily move our bones (or not). This type of muscle tissue has striatum’s when viewed with a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Also striated but not under voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Found in the wall of hollow organs (eg digestive system) and blood vessels. Also involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

ECEE

A
  • excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Excitability

A

Myocytes receive stimuli and respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contractibility

A

Muscles shorten when they receive stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Extensibility

A

Muscles can be stretched beyond their resting length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Elasticity

A

Muscles recoup and resume their resting length after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fascicle

A

A section of muscle fibres surrounded by perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle length changes to move a load, two types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Concentric isotonic contraction

A

Muscle shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epimysium- structure of muscle

A

Dense layer of connective tissue and surrounds the whole muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Perimysium - structure of muscle

A

Dense layer of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Endomysium - structure of muscle

A

A thin sheath of fine connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fibre (muscle cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct attachment of muscle to other tissue

A

Epimysium of muscle fuses straight onto periosteum of bone or cartilage fairly uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indirect attachment of muscle tissue

A

Muscle connective tissue forms a tendon or aponeurosis to anchor to bone or cartilage. These are more common as they are smaller and more durable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eccentric isotonic contraction

A

Muscle contracts but lengthens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Tension is produced but the length does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nerve supply to muscles

A

1 nerve to provide stimulus needed for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Arterial network in muscles is comprised of how many artery per muscle?

A

1 artery for oxygen and nutrients which reaches extensively into a network to supply whole muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sarcomere- myosin

A

Rich filament (thick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sarcomere- Titin

A

Elastic filaments that tie myosin to the Z disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sarcomere- Z discs

A

End of the Sarcomere (actin only)

25
Q

Sarcomere- M-line

A

The middle (myosin only)

26
Q

Sarcomere- I-band

A

Actin rich filaments (light)

27
Q

Sarcomere- A band

A

Where the myosin rich filaments are situated

28
Q

Sarcomere- H-Zone

A

A band of protein called myomesin which bisects the H zone

29
Q

Sarcomere- thick filament (myosin)

A

Rod like tail, flexible hinge next region, two heads which bind to actin or ATP which supplies chemical energy. Whole filament looks like a golf club.

30
Q

Sarcomere- thin filament (actin)

A

Two strands of grape-like actin subunits with active binding sites. Two strands of long tropomyosin which covers the active binding sites. Small troponin molecules which bind to troponin, tropomyosin and calcium. Helix shaped

31
Q

Sarcolemma (intercellular structures)

A

Specialised cell membrane for skeletal muscle fiber cells

32
Q

Sarcoplasm (intercellular structures)

A

Contains more nutrients and oxygen than normal cytoplasm as well as 3 specialised additions. Component of a muscle fibre cell

33
Q

Components of sarcoplasm

A

Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules

34
Q

Myofibrils (sarcoplasm of muscle fibres)

A

Hundreds of these rods make up 80% of the cell volume of a muscle fibre, enable contraction via Sarcomeres

35
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasm of muscle fibre cells)

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum which stores and releases calcium in demand, hence regulating intercellular calcium levels

36
Q

T tubules (sarcoplasm of muscle fibre cells)

A

An extensions of the sarcolemma deep into the fibre which means each fibre has a massive surface to facilitate calcium intake

37
Q

Sarcomeres (functional unit of a muscle)

A

Region of a Myofibrils between two successive Z discs

38
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the nerve end (axon) and muscle fibre combine

39
Q

Motor unit (neurons)

A

Consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates. Arrival of stimulus triggers calcium release

40
Q

Step 1 of muscle contraction

A

An action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction (chemical signal)

41
Q

Step 2 of muscle contraction

A

Causes release do the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the axon

42
Q

Step 3 of muscle contraction

A

Arrival of acetylcholine to muscle fibre starts a new action potential which travels along sarcolemma and down t tubules

43
Q

Step 4 of muscle contraction

A

The arrival of the action potential to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum causes release of calcium into the cell

44
Q

In muscle contraction calcium bonds to

A

Troponin which moves the tropomyosin which allows myosin and actin to bind, initiating contraction

45
Q

Botox inhibits

A

Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which means no calcium and no muscle contraction = flaccid paralysis

46
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium, enters cell and binds to troponin.
Troponin rolls tropomyosin away from the actin binding sites allowing myosin to bind

47
Q

What starts the cross bridge cycle

A

Excitation-contraction coupling of allowing myosin to bind to actin

48
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle, what is it

A

Series of 4 events during which my doing heads pull actin towards the centre of the Sarcomere

49
Q

Cross Bridge cycle step 1 Formation

A

Once troponin has moved tropomyosin off the acting binding sites, the myosin head binds to actin

50
Q

Cross Bridge cycle step 2 power stroke

A

ADP is released from the myosin head, causing a change in shape of myosin which becomes more bent which pulls actin towards M-line

51
Q

Cross Bridge cycle step 3 Detachment

A

Myosin head has lost all energy and a new ATP molecule binds allowing myosin to detach from actin, this destroys actin + myosin cross bridge

52
Q

Cross Bridge cycle step 4 cocking of the myosin head

A

Energy from ATP is released as it splits into ADP and phosphate which allows the myosin head to swing back to starting position

53
Q

Muscle twitch phase 1 - Latent

A

When the excitation- contraction coupling is occurring and the cross bridges begin to cycle but tension has not yet developed so immeasurable

54
Q

Muscle twitch phase 2 - Contraction

A

Cross bridges are still cycling but now tension development within the muscle can be measured. Muscle length may or may not change if contractile force overcomes load

55
Q

Muscle twitch phase 3 - Relaxation

A

Occurs when calcium starts to enter SR. Contractile force starts to decrease as less cross bridges are present, producing force. If muscle had changed length it now returns to resting length

56
Q

Twitch summation Unfused

A

If a new stimulus arrives before all cross bridges have detached and more tension develops- summation of the force the muscle is producing (calcium released due to new stimulus)

57
Q

Twitch summation Fused

A

If lots of stimuli occur frequently enough the twitches add together to produce maximum possible tensions the muscle can produce. FUSED TETANUS

58
Q

Motor unit recruitment refers to

A

The number of motor units increases the amount of force a muscle develops. Stimulus strength= increased recruitment of motor units

59
Q

Why are capillaries long and winding?

A

Capillaries are long and winding to allow for muscle contractions

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions