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Anatomy Week #2/3 > Arthrology > Flashcards

Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways to classify bones?

A
  • the amount of movement

- structural binding

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2
Q

What are 2 factors that affect how mobile the joint is?

A
  • bone congruency: how well the bones fit together

- binding tissues: capsules, ligaments, etc

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3
Q

Define diarthroses and the factors that create it. Give an example.

A
  • mobile joint
  • poor congruency and/or loose binding tissues
  • ex: shoulder
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4
Q

Define synarthroses and the factors that create it. Give an example.

A
  • stable joint
  • good congruency and/or taut binding tissues
  • ex: skull sutures
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5
Q

Define amphiarthroses and give an example.

A
  • a somewhat stable joint because binding tissues is usually cartilage
  • ex: pubic symphysis
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6
Q

What is one joint that does not really fall along the functional continuum?

A

-the hip

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7
Q

What are the 3 main structural categories of joints based on binding tissues?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous (from hyaline or fibrocartilage)
  • synovial
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8
Q

Which is more stable- knee or elbow?

A

Elbow

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9
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of joints under fibrous joints?

A
  • sutures: least amount of mobility b/c binding tissues is taut/short dense fibrous CT of collagen fibers
  • syndesmoses: 2 joints are bound by dense fibrous regular CT, usually an interosseous membrane (not a ligament!)
  • gomphoses: holds teeth in mandible/maxilla
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10
Q

Where are the 3 places synchondroses joints can be found in immature skeleton? and in mature skeleton?

A
  • epiphyseal plates
  • innominate fusion
  • costal cartilage connecting ribs to sternum
  • in mature skeleton, you only have the costal cartilage
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11
Q

What is synostosis?

A

-bone fusion: no longer have an epiphyseal disc, just a line of fusion due to hormonal changes that closed up the cartilage

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12
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of joints under cartilaginous joints?

A
  • synchondroses

- symphysis

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13
Q

What are the 2 fibrocartilage/symphyses?

A
  • intervertebral disks

- pubic symphsysis

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14
Q

List the 5 parts of a synovial joint

A
  • fibrous joint capsule made of dense fibrous irregular CT (primarily collagen ) holds everything together with a joint cavity
  • hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) covers the bony ends (see other card for fxns)
  • synovial membrane lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid as lubricant to reduce friction and nourish the joint during movement
  • fibrocartilage pads (articular discs or menisci) to increase bone congruency and reduce compressional stresses by increasing area that force is placed (F/A=stress)
  • 3 types of ligaments (intrinsic, extrinsic/bone-to-bone, capsular/joint-to-bone) to support the joint capsule by limiting ROM in specific directions
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15
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage covering the bony ends of synovial joints?

A
  • provides smooth surface on ends of bones to reduce frictional forces and stresses associated w/ movement
  • will deform when loaded to distribute forces amongst greater area to reduce compressional stress
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16
Q

What are the three types of ligaments found in synovial joints?

A
  • intrinsic (within the joint)
  • extrinsic (attaches bone to bone)
  • capsular (most common; attaches joint to one bone)
17
Q

What is an axis of rotation?

A

an imaginary rod, passing through the “center” of joint perpendicular to the plane of movement

18
Q

What are the 3 joint motions in arthrokinematics?

A
  • spinning: one bone turns about its axis of rotation (axis of rotation stays in the same place)
  • translation/gliding: axis of rotation moves in one direction to new position
  • rolling: joint distraction; bone is turning at different pivot point (not the axis of rotation)
19
Q

What does it mean to be double-jointed?

A

increased ROM because either fibrous joint capsule/ligaments are loose or decreased bone congruency

20
Q

What happens when we pop our knuckles?

A

trapped gas in synovial fluid escapes with extreme ROM increases pressure in joint

21
Q

What is a synonym for dislocation and what is it? What is a less severe version?

A
  • luxation; 2 articulating surfaces are out of place

- subluxation; not completely displaced

22
Q

What is a sprain?

A

tearing of a joint capsule or ligament

23
Q

What is a strain?

A

tearing of a muscle or tendon

24
Q

What is arthritis? 2 types.

A
  • joint inflammation
  • rheumatoid: affects multiple synovial joints
  • osteoarthritis: joint-specific
25
Q

What are the 6 types of joints (with respect to their structure and how it affects their arthrokinematics)?

A
  • plane joint
  • pivot joint
  • hinge joint
  • ellipsoid joint
  • saddle joint
  • ball & socket joint
26
Q

Describe the plane joint, its movements, and examples.

A
  • one flat surface articulates w/ another flat surface
  • translates/slides/glides and has no axis of rotation
  • ex: intertarsal joints
27
Q

Describe the pivot joint, its movements, and examples.

A
  • one bone acts as a peg and the other wraps around it
  • movement in one plane (uniplanar/uniaxial); looks like it can only rotate?
  • proximal radioulnar or atlantoaxial joint
28
Q

Describe the hinge joint, its movements, and examples

A
  • one convex surface sits in a concave surface
  • movement in one plane (rotation?)
  • elbow and ankle
29
Q

Describe the condyloid/ellipsoid joint, its movements, and examples.

A
  • egg shaped; one convex surface sits in one concave surface to form biaxial joint
  • movement in 2 planes (frontal/sagittal)
  • metacarpal phalangeal joints and knee joint
30
Q

Describe the saddle joint, its movements, and examples.

A
  • two concave surfaces coming together
  • biaxial/2 planes: sagittal and frontal
  • carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
31
Q

Describe the ball & socket joints, its movements, and examples.

A
  • movement in all 3 planes (triaxial)

- shoulder, sternoclavicular, and hip)

32
Q

What is a reference angle? Where is it located on the spine, hip, wrist, knee, elbow, and GH? How does it affect flexion/extension?

A
  • the side of the joint that moves the most
  • anterior for spine, hip, wrist, elbow, GH; posterior for knee
  • if the reference angle increases, then extension; if reference angle decreases, then flexion; if greater than anatomical position (180 degrees), then hyperextension
33
Q

How do you find osteokinematics when not in anatomical position?

A

reference the sternum

34
Q

What is inversion/eversion?

A
  • inversion: plantar surfaces on both feet face each other

- eversion: plantar surfaces of both feet face away from each other

35
Q

What is abduction? Adduction?

A

abduction: moves away from anatomical position
adduction: moves toward anatomical position

Anatomy Week #2/3 (3 decks)

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