Arthrology

Question 0

What features are used to determine structural classification of joints?

Answer 0

1) The presence/absence of a joint cavity

2) Type of connective tissue binding these two bones together @ articulation

Question 1

How are joints classified functionally?

Answer 1

By the degree of movement permitted at the articulation

Question 2

What are the general classes of joints when structure is the determining factor?

Answer 2

1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial

Question 3

How is a fibrous joint classified functionally? Does it have a joint cavity? What is used to hold the articulating bones together?

Answer 3

They are synarthrotic (immovable)
No joint cavity
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue

Question 4

List 3 main types of fibrous joints and give example of each

Answer 4

1) Sutural – flat bone of the skull
2) Syndesmosis – interosseous membrane between radius/ulna
3) Gomphosis – periodontal ligament of tooth

Question 5

What are two subtypes seen in the syndesmosis classification? Give examples of each

Answer 5

White fibrous– interosseous membrane

Yellow fibrous– ligamentum flavum

Question 6

How is a cartilaginous joint classified functionally? Does it have a joint cavity? What is used to hold the articulating bones together?

Answer 6

Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
No
Hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 7

What are the 2 main types of cartilaginous joints and how do they differ? Give an example of each

Answer 7

1) Primary (synchondrosis)– usually temporary in nature ex- Epiphyseal plate/disc
2) Secondary (symphysis)– intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis

Question 8

How is a synovial joint classified functionally? Does it have a joint cavity? What is used to hold the articulating bones together?

Answer 8

Diarthrotic (freely moveable)
Yes
A connective tissue capsule, the collagen fibers of which blend with the periosteum of the articulating bones– as well as ligaments

Question 9

Be able to label a diagram of a typical synovial joint

Answer 9

SEE NOTE PACKET !!!!!!

Question 10

What is a bursa and where might they be found? What is the specific function?

Answer 10

A flattened sac of synovial membrane located over bony structures. They function to permit free movement of overlying skin over the bony structure.

Question 11

What is bursitis and why is it clinically important?

Answer 11

Inflammation of the bursa– it is a clinically debilitating problem, limiting movement and activity

Question 12

What might restrict movements of an articulation?

Answer 12

Apposition of soft body parts; tension of ligaments; muscle tension

Question 13

Give an example of where the 7 various types of movement might occur

Answer 13

1) Gliding: tarsal/carpal bones
2) Angular: elbow joint
3) Circumduction: Shoulder joint
4) Inversion/eversion: foot
4) Dosiflexion/plantarflexion: foot
5) Protraction/retraction: mandible
6) Supination/pronation: forearm
7) Elevation/depression: mandible

Question 14

How does the structure reflect function with regard to movement at articulations? Give an example

Answer 14

Shape of articulating surfaces is the primary structural feature determining the degree of movement at any articulation.
Example- carpal bones = flat surface = limited movement
knee joint = concave/convex surface = free movement

Question 15

List 6 types of synovial joints and give example of each

Answer 15

1) Gliding- carpal bones
2) Hinge- elbow joint
3) Pivot- proximal radius/ulna
4) Ellipsoidal: radius & carpal bones
5) Saddle: trapezium & metacarpal
6) Ball and socket: shoulder

Question 16

What axiom is exhibited throughout these subgroups of synovial joints?

Answer 16

Shape of articulating surfaces determines variable number of degree of freedom (movement)