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Anatomy 1 > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Review the movements exhibited at each joint of the upper limb

A

Glenohumeral- elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, rotation
Radioulnar- flexion/extension, rotation
Radiocarpal: flexion/extension, aBduction/aDduction
Phalangeal: flexion/extension

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1
Q

State a general principle with regard to the range of motion at each joint throughout the upper limb

A

Movement becomes restricted the further distal you move down the upper limb

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2
Q

What 3 anatomical structures can be used to guide movement at any joint? Give example from upper limb for each.

A

Bones- ulnohumeral joint
Ligaments- radiocarpal joint
Muscles- glenohumeral joint

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3
Q

How does insertion differ from origin with respect to muscle attachment?

A

Insertion- most moveable attachment

Origin- least moveable

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4
Q

List 3 ways that muscles may be attached

A

Fleshy, aponeurotic, tendinous

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5
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Thin, flat, sheet-like tendon

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6
Q

Identify a muscle that has a aponeurotic origin

A

Latissimus Dorsi

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7
Q

What fascial structure prevents bowstringing of tendinous muscle attachment as they cross the joint?

A

Retinaculum

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8
Q

How do muscles that are stabilizers differ from muscles that are mobilizers?

A

Stabilizers- attached at a distance from the joint crossed

Mobilize- attached close to the joint crossed

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9
Q

Give example of a muscle that can reverse its origin and insertion

A

The brachioradialis makes your hands the least freely moveable part instead of most moveable … ??

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10
Q

What constitutes a muscle sling?

A

All the muscles that cross any given joint

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11
Q

What does “tendon action of a muscle” refer to?

A

Using the position of a joint to stretch/relax the tendon of a muscle crossing it. Best illustrated in paralyzed muscles that have become fibrous.

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12
Q

List the 3 types of ligaments associated with the scapulothoracic joint complex and examples of each one

A

Extrascapular- coracoclavicular
Intrascapular- disc
Capsular- acromioclavicular

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13
Q

List the muscles involved in the scapulothoracic sling and their general actions

A

Trapezius: retraction & superior rotation
Pectoralis minor: depression
Serratus anterior: protraction/aBduction, superior/inferior rotation
Levator scapulae: elevation
Rhomboids: retraction (aDduct) & inferiorly rotate

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14
Q

List the muscles of the glenohumeral sling and their general actions

A

Deltoid: aBduction
Subscapularis: internal rotation
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor: external rotation
Teres major: aDduction & internal rotation
Coracobrachialis: aDduction & flexion
Pectoralis major: internal rotation
Latissimus dorsi: internal rotation, aDductor, extension

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15
Q

List the muscles of the ulno-humeral sling and their general actions

A 
Brachialis: flexion
Brachioradialis: flexion
Long head of triceps: extension
Pronator teres & pronator quadratus: pronation
Supinator: supination
Biceps brachii: supination & flexion
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16
Q

Which muscles stabilize the ulno-humeral joint? which mobilize it?

A

Stabilize- brachioradialis

Mobilize- brachialis, long head of triceps

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17
Q

List muscles involved in the muscle sling for the wrist concerned with flexion.

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus

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18
Q

List the muscles involved in the muscle sling for the wrist concerned with extension

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

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19
Q

What is another term for ulnar deviation & radial deviation?

A

Ulnar deviation = aDduction

Radial deviation = aBduction

20
Q

What is an axiom concerning the origin/insertion of forearm muscles?

A

Deep muscles of the forearm insert more distally than superficial forearm muscles

21
Q

Which retinaculum of the wrist must be severed in carpal tunnel?

A

FLEXOR RETINACULUM :)

22
Q

What is the general function of retinaculae?

A

Prevent bowstringing of tendons during muscle contraction

23
Q

List the phalangeal joints proximal to distal.. what is the most stable position for these joints?

A

MP: metacarpo-phalangeal
PIP: proximal interphalangeal
DIP: distal interphalangeal
Flexed is most stable as the ligaments acting on these joings are stretched taut in this position

24
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling flex the DIP joint of digits 2-5?

A

The flexor digitorum profundus flexes DIP joints of digits 2-5

25
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling flex the DIP joint of the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis longus

26
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling flex the PIP joints of digits 2-5

A

The flexor digitorum superificalis flexes PIP joints of 2-5

27
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling flex the MP joint of the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis flexes MP joint of the thumb

28
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling flex the MP joints of digits 2-5?

A

The lumbricals and interossei mm. flex MP joints of 2-5

29
Q

Which muscles of the digital sling extend the MP joints for digits 2-5?

A

Extensor digitorum extends MP joints 2-5

30
Q

Name the additional extensor muscle for the MP joint on digit 5

A

Extensor digiti minimi

31
Q

List the muscles that extend the thumb DIP

A

Extensor pollicis longus extends DIP thumb joint

32
Q

List the muscle that extends the thumb MP

A

Extensor pollicis brevis extends MP joint

33
Q

Name the additional extensor of MP joint of digit 2

A

Extensor indicis

34
Q

List muscles that extend PIP & DIP joints of digits 2-5

A

Interossei & lumbricals

35
Q

Which interossei aBduct which digits, which aDduct which digits?

A

Dorsal interossei 2-4 aBduct (DAB)

Palmar interosse 2-5 aDduct (PAD)

36
Q

Erb’s Palsy

A

Upper lesion of plexus, aBductors & lateral rotators affected

37
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy

A

lower lesion of plexus, paralyzes ulnar & median nerves so all intrinsic hand muscles paralyzed, claw hand.

38
Q

Flail extremity

A

Avulsion of all roots of brachial plexus, limb hangs at side, partial hemiparalyzed diaphragm and partial Horner’s

39
Q

Why is Horner’s syndrome a complication of lesions of the lower brachial plexus?

A

Due to involvement of T1 from the brachial plexus.. T1-T4 supply sympathetic innervation to head and neck.

40
Q

Lesion of long thoracic nerve

A

C5, C6, C7

winged scapula, can not raise arm above head

41
Q

Lesion of axillary nerve

A

no aBduction of limb (deltoid)

42
Q

Lesion of musculocutaneous nerve

A

Loss of forearm flexion & supination

43
Q

Lesion of radial nerve in the axilla

A

unable to extend elbow joint, wrist joint, and finger (wrist drop)

44
Q

Lesion of radial nerve in the arm

A

wristdrop due to forearm extensors, inability to extend MP joints & extend/aBduct the thumb

45
Q

Lesion of ulnar nerve above the elbow

A

Loss of all intrinsic muscles of hand except thenar mm. and lumbricals 2 & 3 so claw hand, MC 4 & 5 can not extend

46
Q

Lesion to median nerve

A

Forearm supinated, weak wrist flexion and aDduction, MC 2 & 3 can not flex so hand of benediction

At wrist- ape hand, no thumb abduction, thenar mm. affected

47
Q

How can you use the thumb as a test for integrity of radial, median, and ulnar nerves?

A

Radial: inability to extend thumb
Median: inability to flex DIP joint
Ulnar: no aDduction of MP joints with PIP & DIP joints extended

48
Q

What can be said about spinal nn. controlling upward/downward movement of joints of the upper limb, moving proximal to distal?

A

Most cranial nerves controlling a joint are responsible for its upward movement. most caudal nerves for its downward movement. the number of spinal nn needed for movement at a joint decrease as you go distally along the limb.

Anatomy 1 (10 decks)

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