Articulations

Question 1

Anatomical word for Joints

Answer 1

Articulations

Question 2

Describe what articulations are:

Answer 2

a place where bone meets another bone, cartilage (or teeth).

Question 3

Categories of classification of articulations:

Answer 3

• determined by joint structure
• determined by joint function (movement)

Question 4

Name and describe the three structural classifications

Answer 4

• fibrous; held together by dense regular connective tissue
• cartilaginous; held together by cartilage
• synovial*; bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity

Question 5

Name and describe the three function classifications

Answer 5

• synarthrosis; immobile joint
• amphiarthrosis; slightly mobile joint
• diarthrosis; freely moveable joint

Question 6

Describe fibrous joints and name the three types

Answer 6

joints joined by regular connective tissue
there are three types:
- gomphoses
- sutures
- syndesmoses

Question 7

describe and provide examples of the three types of fibrous joints

Answer 7

• gomphoses: synarthroses joint between the teeth, mandible, and maxilla
• sutures: synarthroses joint between the skull bones
• syndesmoses: amphiarthroses joints between parallel arm and leg bones, such as the radius and ulna, and the tibia and fibula.

Question 8

describe cartilaginous joints and name the two types.

Answer 8

bones that are attached by cartilage.
- synchondroses: synarthroses joint of bones that are joined by hyaline cartilage
- symphyses: amphiarthroses joint of bones joined by pad fibrocartilage

Question 9

describe synovial joints

Answer 9

• freely mobile, diarthroses joints
• articulating bones separated by a joint cavity (such as knee joints)
  has an articular capsule, a joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, and blood vessels and nerves.

Question 10

describe the articular capsule

Answer 10

two layers;
- outer fibrous layer made of dense connective tissue that strengthens the joint
- inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Question 11

describe articular cartilage

Answer 11

articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilage
they reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Question 12

describe the joint cavity

Answer 12

the space between articulating bonds
contains small amounts of synovial fluid;
this nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage, as well as lubricates
shock absorption during joint compression (jumping and landing on the knee)

Question 13

describe the function of ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves in the synovial joint

Answer 13

ligaments; made of dense regular connective tissue, and connect bone to bone to strengthen and support the capsule.
blood vessels; nourish tissues in the joint
sensory nerves; detect the pain and stretch in the joint

Question 14

describe accessory structures and the three types.

Answer 14

accessory structures surround the joint, reducing friction and fill the spaces
- bursae; are sacs outside the synovial joint where ligaments, muscles, tendons and/or bones rub. they contain synovial fluid.
- tendon sheaths; elongated bursae in confined areas (wrist/ ankles) where tendons rub on each other
- fat pads; they are packing material, provide some protection

Question 15

name the six types of synovial joints in order of increasing movement

Answer 15

• plane
• hinge
• pivot
• condylar
• saddle
• ball and socket

Question 16

movement of synovial joints

Answer 16

• uniaxial; joint moves only in one plane or axis
• biaxial; joint moves in two planes or axes
• multiaxial; joint moves in multiple planes or axes

Question 17

four types of motion in synovial joints

Answer 17

• gliding motion
• angular motion
• rotational motion
• special movements

Question 18

describe and provide an example of gliding motion

Answer 18

the angle of bones does not change, but the articular surfaces slide back-and-forth or side-to-side
occurs mainly in plane joints - such as carpals

Question 19

describe an angular motion and provide examples of movement

Answer 19

increases and decreases the angle in bones
- flexion and extension
- adduction and abduction
- circumduction
- hyperextension
- lateral flexion

Question 20

demonstrate the following:
- flexion and extension
- adduction and abduction
- circumduction
- hyperextension
- lateral flexion

Answer 20

.

Question 21

describe and provide examples of rotational motion

Answer 21

a bone turns on its longitudinal axis, such as;
- lateral rotation
- medial rotation
- pronation
- supination

Question 22

demonstrate rotational motions

Answer 22

.

Question 23

describe and provide examples of special movements

Answer 23

they only occur at specific joints. for example;
- dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion (talocrural joint)
- depression vs. elevation (scapula or mandible)
- inversion vs. eversion (talocaneal joint)
- protraction vs. retraction (scapula and mandible)
- opposition (carpometacarpal joint)

Question 24

demonstrate special movements

Answer 24

.

Question 25

how are synovial joints named and provide three examples

Answer 25

typically named after the two bones that are articulating - wrist joint; radius + carpals = radiocarpal joint - knee joint; tibia + femur = tibiofemoral joint - shoulder joint; glenoid fossa (scapula) + (head of the) humerus = glenohumeral joint

Question 26

describe the knee joint and list bones involved

Answer 26

the knee joint is a diarthrotic hinge joint, between the tibia, the femur and the patella has medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilaginous discs)

Question 27

list the ligaments inolved in the knee joint and describe their function

Answer 27

involves; - patellar(ligament of the patella); which is between the patella and the tibial tuberosity (extension of the quadriceps tendon that encapsulates the patella) - fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - tibial (medial) collateral ligament - anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments