articulations Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
what is another name for a joint
A
articulation
2
Q
definition of an articulation (3)
A
place of contact between
- bones
- bone and cartilage
- bones and teeth
3
Q
how can joints be characterised (2)
A
- structurally
- functionally
4
Q
how is a joint characterised structurally (2)
A
- whether a space occurs between articulating bones
- type of connective tissue binding the articulating surfaces
5
Q
what are the 3 structural joint classifications
A
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
6
Q
describe a fibrous joint (2)
A
- no joint cavity
- ends of bones and bone parts are held together by dense regular (fibrous) tissue
7
Q
describe a cartilaginous joint (2)
A
- no joint cavity
- bones are joined by a pad of cartilage wedged between ends of bones
8
Q
describe a synovial joint (4)
A
- joint cavity, which contains synovial fluid, separates articulating surfaces
- lined by a synovial membrane
- articulating surfaces are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule (articular capsule)
- bones are attached to each other by various ligaments
9
Q
what are the 3 structural categories of fibrous joints
A
- gomphosis
- suture
- syndesmosis
10
Q
what are the 2 functional classifications of fibrous joints
A
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
11
Q
what are the 2 structural categories of cartilaginous joints
A
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
12
Q
what are the 2 functional classifications of cartilaginous joints
A
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
13
Q
what are the 6 structural categories of synovial joints
A
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
14
Q
what is the functional classification of synovial joints
A
diarthrosis
15
Q
what are the 3 functional classifications
A
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
16
Q
describe a synarthrosis joint (3)
A
- immobile
- fibrous: gomphosis and sutures are synarthroses
- cartilaginous: synchondroses are synarthroses
17
Q
describe an ampiarthrosis joint (3)
A
- slightly mobile
- fibrous: syndesmoses are amphiarthroses
- cartilaginous: symphyses are amphiarthroses
18
Q
describe a diarthroses joint (2)
A
- freely mobile
- all synovial joints are diarthroses
19
Q
if a joint is highly mobile, is it also highly stable
A
no
20
Q
describe gomphosis (2)
A
- periodontal membranes hold a tooth to bony jaw
- synarthrosis
21
Q
describe sutures (2)
A
- connects skull bones
- synarthrosis
22
Q
describe syndesmosis (2)
A
- interosseous membranes (dense regular CT) between bones
- amphiarthrosis
23
Q
what are the alveolar processes
A
sockets for each individual teeth
24
Q
describe the appearance of sutures (3)
A
- distinct
- interlocking
- irregular
edges
25
what is the role of the sutures (2)
- increase strength
| - decrease fractures
26
how are synostoses formed
in an older adult, dense regular connective in the suture ossify, fusing skull bones together
27
what are articulating bones of syndesmoses joined by
long strands of dense regular connective tissue
28
where are syndesmosis found (2)
- radius and ulna
| - tibia and fibula
29
what are the shafts of the 2 articulating bones bound by in syndesmoses
broad, ligamentous sheet called the interosseous membrane
30
what does the interosseous membranes provide
pivot for which articulating bones can move relative to each other
31
describe synchondroses (2)
- contains hyaline cartilage
| - synarthroses
32
what do the epiphyseal plates of children form
synchondroses that bind the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones
33
what happens when hyaline cartilage stops growing in epiphyseal plates
bone replaces the cartilage and synchondroses no longer exists
34
describe symphyses (2)
- contains fibrocartilage
| - amphithroses
35
when does the spheno-occipital synchondrosis fuse
between 18 and 25 years of age
36
what are 2 examples of synchondroses in the ribcage
- costochondral joint; the joint between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage
- the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by costal cartilage
37
what does a symphysis has between the articulating bones
a pad of fibrocartilage
38
what does the fibrocartilage in a symphysis resist (2)
- compression
- tension stresses
acting as a resilient shock absorber
39
examples of locations of symphyses (2)
- pubic symphysis
| - intervertebral joints
40
what are the 7 basic features of a synovial joint
- an articular capsule
- a joint cavity
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- ligaments
- nerves
- blood vessels
41
how many layers is the articular capsule
2
42
what are the names of the 2 layers of the articular capsule
- fibrous layer (outer)
| - synovial membrane (inner)
43
what is the outer fibrous layer of synovial joint made of
dense connective tissue
44
what does the outer fibrous layer of synovial joint do
strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart
45
what does the articular cartilage in synovial joints lack
a perichondrium
46
why is exercise vital to maintaining a healthy articular cartilage
- mature cartilage, chondrocytes, is avascular so nutrients and removal of waste products is slower
- repetitious compression and expansion in exercise enhances its nutrition obtaining and waste removal
47
what is a joint cavity
a space that permits separation of the articulating bones
48
what sort of substance is synovial fluid
viscous and oily
49
what two things produces synovial fluid
- synovial membrane cells
| - filtrate formed from blood plasma
50
what are the 3 functions of synovial fluid
- lubricates the articular cartilage
- nourishes the articular cartilage's chondrocytes
- acts as a shock absorber
51
how does synovial fluid nourish the chondrocytes of articular cartilage (2)
- the small volume of synovial fluid must be circulated continually
- whenever there is movement at the joint, the combined compression and re-expansion of articular cartilage circulates the fluid in and out of the cartilage matrix
52
how does synovial fluid act as a shock absorber
it distributes stress and force evenly across articular surfaces when pressure in the joint suddenly increases
53
what do ligaments do to synovial joints (3)
- stabilize
- strengthen
- reinforce
54
what are the 2 types of ligaments in synovial joints
- intrinsic ligaments
| - extrinsic ligaments
55
what do intrinsic ligaments represent
thickenings of the articular capsule
56
where are extrinsic ligaments located
outside of and physically separate from the joint capsule
57
what do the sensory nerves do (2)
- detect painful stimuli
| - report on the amount of movement and stretch
58
are tendons a part of the synovial joint itself
no
59
how do tendons help stabilize a joint (3)
- they pass across or around a joint to provide mechanical support
- limit the range or amount of movement permitted by joint
60
describe a bursa
a fibrous, saclike structure containing synovial fluid, lined internally by a synovial membrane
61
how can bursae be connected (2)
- connected to joint cavity
| - completely separate from joint cavity
62
what is a tendon sheath
an elongated bursa
63
where are fat pads distributed in the synovial joint
along the periphery of the joint
64
what are the 3 descriptions of synovial joints in respect to the movement of bone
- uniaxial
- biaxial
- multiaxial/triaxial
65
describe a uniaxial joint
the bone moves in just 1 place or axis
66
describe a biaxial joint
the bone moves in 2 planes or axes
67
describe a multiaxial/triaxial joint
the bone moves in multiple planes or axes
68
list the 6 synovial joints from least mobile to most freely mobile
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
69
describe a plane joint's movement
uniaxial
70
describe a hinge joint's movement
uniaxial
71
describe a pivot joint's movement
uniaxial
72
describe a condylar joint's movement
biaxial
73
describe a saddle joint's movement
biaxial
74
describe a ball-and-socket joint's movement
multi/triaxial
75
what are the 4 motions of synovial joints
- gliding motion
- angular motion
- rotational motion
- special movement
76
what is gliding motion
2 opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in any direction, the movement is slight
77
what is angular motion
the angle between articulating bones increases or decreases
78
what are the 7 types of angular motion
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- lateral flexion
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
79
describe a flexion
the angle between articulating bones decreases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane
80
describe an extension
the angle between articulating bones increases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane
81
describe a hyperextension
extension movement continues past 180 degrees
82
describe a lateral flexion
the vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane
83
describe an abduction
lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
84
describe an adduction
lateral movement of a body part toward the midline
85
describe circumduction
a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession; the distal end of the limb or digit moves in a circle
86
what are the 2 types of rotational motion
- pronation
| - supination
87
what is rotational movement
a bone pivots around its own longitudinal axis
88
describe pronation
rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly
89
describe supinatino
rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly
90
what are special movements of the synovial joints
types of movement that do not fir into the previous categories
91
what are the 9 types of special movements
- depression
- elevation
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
- eversion
- inversion
- protraction
- retraction
- opposition
92
describe depression of a synovial joint
movement of a body part inferiorly
93
describe elevation of a synovial joint
movement of a body part superiorly
94
describe dorsiflexion of a synovial joint
ankle joint movement where the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot is brought toward the anterior surface of the leg
95
describe plantar flexion
ankle joint movement where the sole of the foot is brought toward the posterior surface of the leg
96
describe eversion
twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole laterally or outward
97
describe inversion
twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward
98
describe protraction
anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position
99
describe retraction
posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position
100
describe opposition of the synovial joint
special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object
101
what is the opposing movement of flexion
extension
102
what is the opposing movement of extension
flexion
103
what is the opposing movement of hyperextension
flexion
104
what is the opposing movement of lateral flexion
none
105
what is the opposing movement of abduction
adduction
106
what is the opposing movement of adduction
abduction
107
what is the opposing movement of circumduction
none
108
what is the opposing movement of pronation
supination
109
what is the opposing movement of supination
pronation
110
what is the opposing movement of depression
elevation
111
what is the opposing movement of elevation
depression
112
what is the opposing movement of dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
113
what is the opposing movement of plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
114
what is the opposing movement of eversion
inversion
115
what is the opposing movement of inversion
eversion
116
what is the opposing movement of protraction
retraction
117
what is the opposing movement of retraction
protraction
118
what is the opposing movement of opposition
reposition
119
where does gliding occur
along plane joints such as between carpals or tarsals
120
what are 4 examples of flexion occuring
- bend fingers towards palm, making a fist
- bend forearm towards arm at elbow
- flexion at shoulder when arm is raised anteriorly
- flexion at neck when head is bent anteriorly
121
what are 2 examples of extension
- straightening arm and forearm
| - straightening fingers
