Articulatory Phonetics

Question 1

Voicing

Answer 1

whether or not your vocal chords vibrate
voiceless=no vibration

Question 2

Place of Articulation (POA)

Answer 2

where in the mouth you mostly articulate the sound

Question 3

Manner of Articulation (MOA)

Answer 3

how you interfere with the air/sound coming out of your lungs/larynx

Question 4

Oral Sounds

Answer 4

consonants that are made by allowing air to escape from the mouth (stops, fricatives, africates, approximates)

Question 5

Nasal Sounds

Answer 5

consonants that are made by blocking the flow of air through the mouth; air instead passes freely through the nose by lowering the velum

Question 6

Stops (oral consonants)

Answer 6

temporarily stop the airflow through the mouth by bringing two articulators together for a complete stoppage of air
(english stops: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/)

Question 7

Fricatives (oral consonants)

Answer 7

bringing the articulators close together but leaving enough space for some air to flow through
-causes friction
(english fricatives: /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/)

Question 8

Affricates (oral consonants)

Answer 8

a transition from a stop closure to a more open fricative sound without changing the location of the articulators
(english affricates: /t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/)

Question 9

Approximants (oral consonants)

Answer 9

produced with a relatively wide opening between the oral articulators
lateral liquid /l/
rhotic liquid /r/
glides /w/ /j/

Question 10

Nasal Consonants

Answer 10

complete closure of the mouth; air passes freely through nose by lowering the velum
(english nasal: /m/ /n/ /ŋ/)

Question 11

Labial (POA)

Answer 11

with the lips
-bilabial, labiodental

Question 12

Coronal (POA)

Answer 12

using tip/blade of tongue
-interdental, alveolar, palatal

Question 13

Dorsal (POA)

Answer 13

using back of tongue
-velar, glottal

Question 14

Bilabial (POA)

Answer 14

sound produced by contact of upper and lower lips
ex. /p/ /b/ /m/ /w/

Question 15

Labiodental (POA)

Answer 15

sound produced by contact of lower lip and upper front teeth
ex. /f/ /v/

Question 16

Interdental (POA)

Answer 16

sound produced by contact of tongue and teeth
ex. /θ/ /ð/

Question 17

Alveolar (POA)

Answer 17

sound produced by contact of tongue and upper alveolar ridge
ex. /t/ /s/ /t͡ʃ/ /d/ /z/ /d͡ʒ/ /n/ /l/

Question 18

Palatal/Post-Alveolar (POA)

Answer 18

sound produced by contact of tongue and hard palate
ex. /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /r/ /j/

Question 19

Velar (POA)

Answer 19

sound produced by contact of tongue and velum
ex. /k/ /g/ /ŋ/

Question 20

Glottal (POA)

Answer 20

sound produced by complete or partial constriction of glottis
ex. /h/

Question 21

Voiceless Sounds

Answer 21

vocal cords are open and air can pass freely through, no vibrations

Question 22

Voiced Sounds

Answer 22

vocal cords are close together and passage of air causes vibrations

Question 23

Front Vowels

Answer 23

made with the body of the tongue in a relatively forward part of the mouth
/i/ in heat
/æ/ in hat

Question 24

Back Vowels

Answer 24

articulated with the back of the tongue
/U/ in who
/o/ in coat

Question 25

Tense Vowels

Answer 25

long vowels
-usually tense in one-syllable words that end in a vowel

Question 26

Lax Vowels

Answer 26

short vowels
-usually lax in one-syllable words that end in a consonant

Question 27

Diphthongs

Answer 27

speech sound that involves movement from one vowel position to another
-two vowel sounds in a syllable

Question 28

Monophthongs

Answer 28

one vowel sound in a syllable

Question 29

Length

Answer 29

a change in the glottal state of a phone can cause change in meaning
eng: very/ferry, pie/by
finnish: muta ‘mud’
mu:ta ‘some other’
muta: ‘but’

Question 30

Stress

Answer 30

change in word meaning by changing the stress of a syllable
ex: REcord vs reCORD, SUBject vs subJECT
-primary [’], secondary [,]

Question 31

Tone

Answer 31

in some languages, varying pitches of a syllable can change the meaning
ex. mandarin, vietnamese

Question 32

Intonation

Answer 32

the pitch of a phrase; can add context
ex. questions vs statements, confusion, sarcasm, etc

Question 33

Steps to determining a distribution

Answer 33

1. draw distribution table
2. compare phonetic environment
3. determine whether a change in phone can cause a change in meaning

Question 34

What does it mean for phones to be in mutually exclusive environments (non overlapping)?

Answer 34

can predict where one phone will occur; sounds have complementary (allophonic) distribution; the sounds are allophones of the same phone (non contrastive)

Question 35

What does it mean for phones to NOT be in mutually exclusive environments (overlapping)?

Answer 35

if changing the phone results in a different meaning: they are contrastive

Question 36

What does it mean if the phones aren’t mutually exclusive and changing the phone does not change the meaning?

Answer 36

the sounds are in free variation; non contrastive (belong to the same phones)