arts and culture: control

Question 2

Argument for Unchanged Restrictions

arts and culture -> ignore

Answer 2

Evidence/Examples

Question 3

Lenin’s Era

art and culture

Answer 3

Art and culture were expected to serve the political, social, and economic goals of the Soviet government.

Question 4

Stalin’s Era

art and cultrue

Answer 4

All art and culture had to follow Socialist Realism, which meant showing an idealized view of life under socialism as propaganda.

Question 5

Khrushchev’s Era

arts and culture

Answer 5

Artists and writers were still expected to follow the government’s official ideas. He banned Boris Pasternak’s book Dr. Zhivago for its anti-Revolution content.

Question 6

Brezhnev’s Era - cont crackdown

arts and culture

Answer 6

The government continued to crack down on art and culture that didn’t fit the official line. Examples include the trials of Joseph Brodsky (1964) and Andrei Sinyavsky (1966), and the forced removal of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1974).

Question 7

Andropov’s Era

arts and culture

Answer 7

The government tightened its control over popular culture by checking rock groups before they could perform and limiting songs to those written by official Soviet composers.

Question 8

Argument for Changed Restrictions

Answer 8

Evidence/Examples

Question 9

Lenin’s Era - relax

arts and culture

Answer 9

Some artistic and cultural freedom was allowed, like the “fellow traveller” artists (Rodchenkok, Lissinzky) (those key constructivists, those who had close relation with gov, sympathetic to rev. may not have strictly been totally proletarian - slight deviation from ppparty line) , the diverse activities of Proletkult, and the support for new and experimental art.

Question 10

Late Stalin Era

relaxation of official rules - art and culture

Answer 10

There was a slight loosening of official rules towards the end, with Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova giving public readings of their non-traditional poetry in 1946.

Question 11

Khrushchev’s Era

arts and culture - relax

Answer 11

The period of “Destalinization” led to more artistic nonconformity. Khrushchev allowed the publication of previously banned books by authors like Isaac Babel and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.

Question 12

Brezhnev & Andropov Eras

arts and culture : less control

Answer 12

The government couldn’t stop the influence of popular music on young people. The guitar-poet Vladimir Vysotsky became popular, and cassette recorders made it easier to share music.

Question 14

arts and culture - summary lenin

Answer 14

Prolekult - art made by working people for working peopke reflecting the concerns and experiences - Lunacharsky, new Peoples commisar of enlightenment establ.
Agitprop - dep of agitation propaganda

Question 15

lenin arts and culture - success - prolekult

Answer 15

Prolekult
Significant engagement + reach among the working class over 300 studios with 80,000 participants by 1920.
By 1920 publish Gorn (Furnace) monthly mag. Which showcase work of proletarian artists

Question 16

lenin arts and culture - success - aventgarde

Answer 16

avant -garde
there was support for new forms of art using new styles ad techniques to create new revolutionary art i,e ‘Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge”. Artists like Alexander Rodchenko also collaborated with the government, producing posters -> through photomontage

Question 17

lenin arts and culture - success - agitprop

Answer 17

Agitprop
-avnt-garde artists working for the government.
-successful collaboration - for propaganda
- innovative artistic styles used to support & promote Soviet government’s messages.
- agit-trains and Agit-steamers traveled across Russia 1919 early 20s using art, performances, and printed materials to spread the Bolshevik message directly to the population across Russia, and remoter areas

Question 18

lenin arts and culture failure - prolekult

Answer 18

Prolekult - was seen as independent of Party control -> oct 1920 became part of Commissariat of education & funding cut and diverted to traditional ats
Lenin was critical -> he believed the best art universal not bourgeois nor proletarian
Kazimir
Malevich, for example, sent his most radical paintings to
Germany in 1927

Question 19

lenin arts and culture failure - avantgarde

Answer 19

Avant-garde - too difficult for peasants to understand + party tig

Question 20

lenin arts and culture - change

Answer 20

Shift from Tsarist to Revolutionary Influence: After the October Revolution of 1917, the old Imperial Academy of Arts lost its authority, and new institutions influenced by revolutionary ideology began to emerge.

Question 21

lenin arts and culture - ontinuity e

Answer 21

Figures like Lunacharsky, even in their early support of avant-garde, emphasized that art should ultimately serve the goals of the working class and the revolution – a guiding principle that would be amplified later.

Question 22

stalins - arts and culture - summary

Answer 22

Stalin’s rule saw the establishment of absolute state control over art and culture through the rigid enforcement of Socialist Realism and powerful controlling organizations. Art became a direct tool of propaganda, with severe consequences for those who deviated.
Social realism -> ‘true reflection of reality’ aimed to participate in the buildin of socialism

Question 23

stalins - arts and culture - success

Answer 23

-Socialist Realism as Total Control
- Strong Organizations for Control:.
- Art as Pure Propaganda:

Question 24

Socialist Realism as Total Control :

Answer 24

: Union of soviet writers (USW - 1932)

Question 25

Strong Organizations for Control:.

Answer 25

- The Union of Soviet Composers - dictated what kind of music was acceptable, often - criticizing composers like Dmitri Shostakovich when their work was seen as too complex or dissonant (e.g., the criticism of his opera "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk").

Question 26

Art as Pure Propaganda:

Answer 26

- -Films like "The Fall of Berlin" (1949) directly glorified Stalin's role in World War II. - Sculptures of Stalin were erected in cities across the Soviet Union.

Question 27

stalins - arts and culture - failure

Answer 27

Underground Resistance: Some writers like Mikhail Bulgakov, though facing censorship, continued to write works that didn't fully conform (e.g., "The Master and Margarita," though published much later in full).

Question 28

stalins - arts and culture - xhange

Answer 28

he 1930s marked a decisive shift towards complete state control over artistic expression, moving away from the relative freedom of the 1920s.

Question 29

stalins - arts and culture - continuity

Answer 29

The idea that art must serve the Party's goals became the unwavering principle.

Question 30

Khrushchev - arts and culture - summary

Answer 30

- partial relaxation of the strict control of Stalin's time, - allowing for some exploration of new themes and styles. - - However, the Party still maintained the ultimate authority to define what was acceptable, and - - outright dissent was still frowned upon.

Question 31

Khrushchev - arts and culture success

Answer 31

The "Thaw" (mid-1950s to early 1960s): - Ilya Ehrenburg's novel "The Thaw" publication (1954) symbolized this period. - Writers began to explore ^ personal & critical themes. - Alexander Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" (1962), which depicted life in a labor camp, was published with Khrushchev's approval. - Limited Rehabilitation: Some artists who had been suppressed under Stalin were partially rehabilitated

Question 32

Khrushchev - arts and culture - failure

Answer 32

- emergence of "Non-conformist" Art: - Artists started experimenting with more abstract styles. - Khrushchev famously criticized a 1962 art exhibition featuring such works, calling them "dog poop." - manege affair - Poets like Yevgeny Yevtushenko sometimes pushed boundaries with their themes.

Question 33

Khrushchev - arts and culture - change #

Answer 33

- Control became less overtly brutal - more focused on ideological guidance, - disapproval from the top could still have negative consequences for artists -Manege Affair (public condemnation

Question 34

Khrushchev - arts and culture - ontinuity#

Answer 34

hrushchev still believed that art should ultimately serve the Party's aims, even if he allowed for a slightly wider range of expression as long as it wasn't overtly "anti-Soviet."

Question 35

Brezhnevs - arts and culture - summary

Answer 35

- a reassertion of state control over art and culture. - extreme terror of Stalin's time wasn't repeated - government actively suppressed dissenting voices - promoted art that conformed to traditional Soviet themes and Socialist Realism - leading to a significant underground cultural scene.

Question 36

Brezhnev - arts and culture - uccess

Answer 36

Crackdown on Dissent: - The Sinyavsky-Daniel trial in 1965, where writers were imprisoned for publishing abroad, sent a clear message that the limits of artistic freedom had been reached. - Emphasis on Traditional Soviet Art: Films that focused on heroic portrayals of World War II or idealized Soviet workers were heavily promoted. - "Libration"

Question 37

Brezhnev - arts and culture - failure

Answer 37

Growth of Underground Culture: The Moscow Conceptualists in the 1970s and 1980s, like Ilya Kabakov, created art that often subtly critiqued Soviet life, even if it wasn't officially recognized. Unofficial art exhibitions in apartments became a phenomenon.

Question 38

Brezhnev - arts and culture - change

Answer 38

There was a shift back towards a more restrictive cultural policy after the relative openness of the Khrushchev years.

Question 39

Brezhnev - arts and culture continuity

Answer 39

The Party's belief in its right and duty to control culture for the good of the Soviet people remained firm.

Question 40

example of avantgarde

Answer 40

- "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" (1918) is powerful and expressive poster that served the aims of the Red Army during the Civil War. - aimed to encourage support for new regime