AS

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

A group of organisms with similar morphology, physiology and behaviour, which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring and are re-productively isolated from other species

Question 2

Cohort and case-control studies

Answer 2

Cohort - A group of people are followed over time to see who develop the disease
Case-Control - A group of people who have the disease Are compared with a group of people who do not have the disease

Question 3

Polysaccharides

Answer 3

Long chains of sugar units joined by Glycosidic bonds

Question 4

Starch

Answer 4

Storage carbohydrate in plants - compact
Composed of amylose and amylopectin
Amylose – straight-chain, 1,4 glycosidic bonds, spiral shape
Amylopectin – sidebranches, 1,6 glycosidic Link hold these
Insoluble - little osmotic effect

Question 5

Cellulose

Answer 5

Straight chain

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

Alternative forms of the same gene

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

A sequence of bases on the DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 8

DNA and RNA

Answer 8

2/1 strands
T/U
Deoxyribose/ribose
Longer/shorter(in terms of mRNA)

Question 9

Mitosis

Answer 9

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytoplasmic division

Question 10

Prophase

Answer 10

Chromatin fibres condense - chromosomes
2 chromatids joined at centromere 
Micro tubules form spindle
Centrioles position at opposite ends/poles of cell
Nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 11

Metaphase

Answer 11

Nuclear membrane breaks down completely
Chromosomes line up at equator
Spindle fibres attach to centromere

Question 12

Anaphase

Answer 12

Chromatids move in opposite directions splitting at centromere

Question 13

Telophase

Answer 13

Chromosomes unraveling to chromatin

Nuclear membrane reforms

Question 14

5 kingdoms

Answer 14

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryote

Question 15

3 Domains

Answer 15

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus.

Question 16

Measure Biodiversity

Answer 16

Species richness
species evenness
Genetic diversity - heterozygous index

Question 17

Starch and cellulose

Answer 17

Just glucose, 1,4 glycosidic links, hydrogen bonding, polysaccharides
Straight, helix
Starch can be branched - 1,6
Cellulose beta starch alpha
Orientation of molecules

Question 18

Minerals in plants uses

Answer 18

Nitrates - a.a proteins, to grow
Magnesium - chlorophyll
Calcium - middle lamella
Phosphate - root growth

Question 19

Drug testing

Answer 19

Preclinical - cells, tissue, animals. Works against disease
Clinical trials…
Phase 1 - small group healthy volunteers. Drug behaves as expected?
Phase 2 - small group ill patients. drug works?
Phase 3 - large group ill patients, placebo, double blind randomised controlled test. Statistically significant effect on health?